China Open Market Operation

Central Bank Bill: Issuance: 1 Year

2003 - 2024 | Monthly | RMB mn | The People's Bank of China

CN: Central Bank Bill: Issuance: 1 Year data was reported at 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 RMB mn for Sep 2024. CN: Central Bank Bill: Issuance: 1 Year data is updated monthly, averaging 0.000 RMB mn from Apr 2003 (Median) to Oct 2024, with 259 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 535,000.000 RMB mn in Jan 2007 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. CN: Central Bank Bill: Issuance: 1 Year data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The People's Bank of China. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Money and Banking – Table CN.KA: Open Market Operation.

Last Frequency Range
0.000 Oct 2024 monthly Apr 2003 - Oct 2024

View China's Central Bank Bill: Issuance: 1 Year from Apr 2003 to Oct 2024 in the chart:

China Central Bank Bill: Issuance: 1 Year

Central Bank Bill: Issuance: 3 Month

2003 - 2024 | Monthly | RMB mn | The People's Bank of China

CN: Central Bank Bill: Issuance: 3 Month data was reported at 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 RMB mn for Sep 2024. CN: Central Bank Bill: Issuance: 3 Month data is updated monthly, averaging 0.000 RMB mn from Apr 2003 (Median) to Oct 2024, with 259 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 500,000.000 RMB mn in Mar 2010 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. CN: Central Bank Bill: Issuance: 3 Month data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The People's Bank of China. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Money and Banking – Table CN.KA: Open Market Operation.

Last Frequency Range
0.000 Oct 2024 monthly Apr 2003 - Oct 2024

View China's Central Bank Bill: Issuance: 3 Month from Apr 2003 to Oct 2024 in the chart:

China Central Bank Bill: Issuance: 3 Month

Central Bank Bill: Issuance: 3 Year

2004 - 2024 | Monthly | RMB mn | The People's Bank of China

CN: Central Bank Bill: Issuance: 3 Year data was reported at 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 RMB mn for Sep 2024. CN: Central Bank Bill: Issuance: 3 Year data is updated monthly, averaging 0.000 RMB mn from Dec 2004 (Median) to Oct 2024, with 239 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 331,000.000 RMB mn in Mar 2007 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. CN: Central Bank Bill: Issuance: 3 Year data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The People's Bank of China. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Money and Banking – Table CN.KA: Open Market Operation.

Last Frequency Range
0.000 Oct 2024 monthly Dec 2004 - Oct 2024

View China's Central Bank Bill: Issuance: 3 Year from Dec 2004 to Oct 2024 in the chart:

China Central Bank Bill: Issuance: 3 Year

Central Bank Bill: Issuance: 6 Month

2003 - 2024 | Monthly | RMB mn | The People's Bank of China

CN: Central Bank Bill: Issuance: 6 Month data was reported at 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 RMB mn for Sep 2024. CN: Central Bank Bill: Issuance: 6 Month data is updated monthly, averaging 0.000 RMB mn from Apr 2003 (Median) to Oct 2024, with 259 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 85,000.000 RMB mn in Mar 2006 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. CN: Central Bank Bill: Issuance: 6 Month data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The People's Bank of China. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Money and Banking – Table CN.KA: Open Market Operation.

Last Frequency Range
0.000 Oct 2024 monthly Apr 2003 - Oct 2024

View China's Central Bank Bill: Issuance: 6 Month from Apr 2003 to Oct 2024 in the chart:

China Central Bank Bill: Issuance: 6 Month

Outright Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 182 Day

2024 - 2024 | Monthly | RMB mn | The People's Bank of China

CN: Outright Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 182 Day data was reported at 500,000.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. CN: Outright Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 182 Day data is updated monthly, averaging 500,000.000 RMB mn from Oct 2024 (Median) to Oct 2024, with 1 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 500,000.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024 and a record low of 500,000.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. CN: Outright Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 182 Day data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The People's Bank of China. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Money and Banking – Table CN.KA: Open Market Operation.

Last Frequency Range
500,000.000 Oct 2024 monthly Oct 2024 - Oct 2024

View China's Outright Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 182 Day from Oct 2024 to Oct 2024 in the chart:

China Outright Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 182 Day

Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 14 Day

2004 - 2024 | Monthly | RMB mn | The People's Bank of China

CN: Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 14 Day data was reported at 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 RMB mn for Sep 2024. CN: Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 14 Day data is updated monthly, averaging 0.000 RMB mn from May 2004 (Median) to Oct 2024, with 246 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 296,000.000 RMB mn in Apr 2014 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. CN: Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 14 Day data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The People's Bank of China. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Money Market, Interest Rate, Yield and Exchange Rate – Table CN.MC: Open Market Operation.

Last Frequency Range
0.000 Oct 2024 monthly May 2004 - Oct 2024

View China's Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 14 Day from May 2004 to Oct 2024 in the chart:

China Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 14 Day

Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 182 Day

2004 - 2024 | Monthly | RMB mn | The People's Bank of China

CN: Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 182 Day data was reported at 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 RMB mn for Sep 2024. CN: Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 182 Day data is updated monthly, averaging 0.000 RMB mn from May 2004 (Median) to Oct 2024, with 246 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 65,000.000 RMB mn in Jul 2007 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. CN: Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 182 Day data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The People's Bank of China. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Money Market, Interest Rate, Yield and Exchange Rate – Table CN.MC: Open Market Operation.

Last Frequency Range
0.000 Oct 2024 monthly May 2004 - Oct 2024

View China's Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 182 Day from May 2004 to Oct 2024 in the chart:

China Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 182 Day

Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 21 Day

2004 - 2024 | Monthly | RMB mn | The People's Bank of China

CN: Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 21 Day data was reported at 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 RMB mn for Sep 2024. CN: Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 21 Day data is updated monthly, averaging 0.000 RMB mn from May 2004 (Median) to Oct 2024, with 246 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 71,000.000 RMB mn in Jan 2008 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. CN: Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 21 Day data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The People's Bank of China. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Money Market, Interest Rate, Yield and Exchange Rate – Table CN.MC: Open Market Operation.

Last Frequency Range
0.000 Oct 2024 monthly May 2004 - Oct 2024

View China's Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 21 Day from May 2004 to Oct 2024 in the chart:

China Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 21 Day

Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 28 Day

2004 - 2024 | Monthly | RMB mn | The People's Bank of China

CN: Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 28 Day data was reported at 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 RMB mn for Sep 2024. CN: Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 28 Day data is updated monthly, averaging 0.000 RMB mn from May 2004 (Median) to Oct 2024, with 246 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 616,000.000 RMB mn in Mar 2008 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. CN: Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 28 Day data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The People's Bank of China. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Money and Banking – Table CN.KA: Open Market Operation.

Last Frequency Range
0.000 Oct 2024 monthly May 2004 - Oct 2024

View China's Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 28 Day from May 2004 to Oct 2024 in the chart:

China Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 28 Day

Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 7 Day

2004 - 2024 | Monthly | RMB mn | The People's Bank of China

CN: Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 7 Day data was reported at 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 RMB mn for Sep 2024. CN: Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 7 Day data is updated monthly, averaging 0.000 RMB mn from May 2004 (Median) to Oct 2024, with 246 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 624,000.000 RMB mn in Jan 2008 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. CN: Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 7 Day data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The People's Bank of China. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Money Market, Interest Rate, Yield and Exchange Rate – Table CN.MC: Open Market Operation.

Last Frequency Range
0.000 Oct 2024 monthly May 2004 - Oct 2024

View China's Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 7 Day from May 2004 to Oct 2024 in the chart:

China Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 7 Day

Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 84 Day

2004 - 2024 | Monthly | RMB mn | The People's Bank of China

CN: Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 84 Day data was reported at 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 RMB mn for Sep 2024. CN: Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 84 Day data is updated monthly, averaging 0.000 RMB mn from May 2004 (Median) to Oct 2024, with 246 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 13,000.000 RMB mn in Nov 2007 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. CN: Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 84 Day data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The People's Bank of China. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Money Market, Interest Rate, Yield and Exchange Rate – Table CN.MC: Open Market Operation.

Last Frequency Range
0.000 Oct 2024 monthly May 2004 - Oct 2024

View China's Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 84 Day from May 2004 to Oct 2024 in the chart:

China Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 84 Day

Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 91 Day

2004 - 2024 | Monthly | RMB mn | The People's Bank of China

CN: Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 91 Day data was reported at 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 RMB mn for Sep 2024. CN: Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 91 Day data is updated monthly, averaging 0.000 RMB mn from May 2004 (Median) to Oct 2024, with 246 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 282,000.000 RMB mn in Apr 2010 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. CN: Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 91 Day data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The People's Bank of China. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Money and Banking – Table CN.KA: Open Market Operation.

Last Frequency Range
0.000 Oct 2024 monthly May 2004 - Oct 2024

View China's Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 91 Day from May 2004 to Oct 2024 in the chart:

China Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 91 Day

Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 14 Day

2004 - 2024 | Monthly | RMB mn | The People's Bank of China

CN: Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 14 Day data was reported at 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1,356,000.000 RMB mn for Sep 2024. CN: Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 14 Day data is updated monthly, averaging 0.000 RMB mn from Jan 2004 (Median) to Oct 2024, with 250 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,146,000.000 RMB mn in Sep 2023 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. CN: Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 14 Day data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The People's Bank of China. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Money and Banking – Table CN.KA: Open Market Operation.

Last Frequency Range
0.000 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2004 - Oct 2024

View China's Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 14 Day from Jan 2004 to Oct 2024 in the chart:

China Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 14 Day

Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 182 Day

2004 - 2024 | Monthly | RMB mn | The People's Bank of China

CN: Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 182 Day data was reported at 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 RMB mn for Sep 2024. CN: Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 182 Day data is updated monthly, averaging 0.000 RMB mn from Jan 2004 (Median) to Oct 2024, with 250 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. CN: Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 182 Day data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The People's Bank of China. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Money Market, Interest Rate, Yield and Exchange Rate – Table CN.MC: Open Market Operation.

Last Frequency Range
0.000 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2004 - Oct 2024

View China's Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 182 Day from Jan 2004 to Oct 2024 in the chart:

China Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 182 Day

Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 21 Day

2004 - 2024 | Monthly | RMB mn | The People's Bank of China

CN: Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 21 Day data was reported at 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 RMB mn for Sep 2024. CN: Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 21 Day data is updated monthly, averaging 0.000 RMB mn from Jan 2004 (Median) to Oct 2024, with 250 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 300,000.000 RMB mn in Jan 2014 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. CN: Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 21 Day data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The People's Bank of China. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Money and Banking – Table CN.KA: Open Market Operation.

Last Frequency Range
0.000 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2004 - Oct 2024

View China's Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 21 Day from Jan 2004 to Oct 2024 in the chart:

China Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 21 Day

Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 28 Day

2004 - 2024 | Monthly | RMB mn | The People's Bank of China

CN: Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 28 Day data was reported at 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 RMB mn for Sep 2024. CN: Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 28 Day data is updated monthly, averaging 0.000 RMB mn from Jan 2004 (Median) to Oct 2024, with 250 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,525,000.000 RMB mn in Jan 2017 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. CN: Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 28 Day data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The People's Bank of China. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Money Market, Interest Rate, Yield and Exchange Rate – Table CN.MC: Open Market Operation.

Last Frequency Range
0.000 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2004 - Oct 2024

View China's Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 28 Day from Jan 2004 to Oct 2024 in the chart:

China Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 28 Day

Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 7 Day

2004 - 2024 | Monthly | RMB mn | The People's Bank of China

CN: Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 7 Day data was reported at 4,975,800.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. This records an increase from the previous number of 3,451,300.000 RMB mn for Sep 2024. CN: Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 7 Day data is updated monthly, averaging 58,500.000 RMB mn from Jan 2004 (Median) to Oct 2024, with 250 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7,823,000.000 RMB mn in Nov 2023 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Apr 2020. CN: Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 7 Day data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The People's Bank of China. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Money and Banking – Table CN.KA: Open Market Operation.

Last Frequency Range
4,975,800.000 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2004 - Oct 2024

View China's Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 7 Day from Jan 2004 to Oct 2024 in the chart:

China Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 7 Day

Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 84 Day

2004 - 2024 | Monthly | RMB mn | The People's Bank of China

CN: Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 84 Day data was reported at 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 RMB mn for Sep 2024. CN: Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 84 Day data is updated monthly, averaging 0.000 RMB mn from Jan 2004 (Median) to Oct 2024, with 250 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. CN: Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 84 Day data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The People's Bank of China. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Money Market, Interest Rate, Yield and Exchange Rate – Table CN.MC: Open Market Operation.

Last Frequency Range
0.000 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2004 - Oct 2024

View China's Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 84 Day from Jan 2004 to Oct 2024 in the chart:

China Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 84 Day

Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 91 Day

2004 - 2024 | Monthly | RMB mn | The People's Bank of China

CN: Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 91 Day data was reported at 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 RMB mn for Sep 2024. CN: Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 91 Day data is updated monthly, averaging 0.000 RMB mn from Jan 2004 (Median) to Oct 2024, with 250 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. CN: Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 91 Day data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The People's Bank of China. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Money and Banking – Table CN.KA: Open Market Operation.

Last Frequency Range
0.000 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2004 - Oct 2024

View China's Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 91 Day from Jan 2004 to Oct 2024 in the chart:

China Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 91 Day

Short-term Liquidity Operation(SLO): Funds Injected

2013 - 2024 | Monthly | RMB mn | The People's Bank of China

CN: Short-term Liquidity Operation(SLO): Funds Injected data was reported at 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 RMB mn for Sep 2024. CN: Short-term Liquidity Operation(SLO): Funds Injected data is updated monthly, averaging 0.000 RMB mn from Oct 2013 (Median) to Oct 2024, with 133 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 855,000.000 RMB mn in Dec 2014 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. CN: Short-term Liquidity Operation(SLO): Funds Injected data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The People's Bank of China. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Money and Banking – Table CN.KA: Open Market Operation.

Last Frequency Range
0.000 Oct 2024 monthly Oct 2013 - Oct 2024

View China's Short-term Liquidity Operation(SLO): Funds Injected from Oct 2013 to Oct 2024 in the chart:

China Short-term Liquidity Operation(SLO): Funds Injected

Short-term Liquidity Operation(SLO): Funds Withdrawn

2013 - 2024 | Monthly | RMB mn | The People's Bank of China

CN: Short-term Liquidity Operation(SLO): Funds Withdrawn data was reported at 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 RMB mn for Sep 2024. CN: Short-term Liquidity Operation(SLO): Funds Withdrawn data is updated monthly, averaging 0.000 RMB mn from Dec 2013 (Median) to Oct 2024, with 131 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 250,000.000 RMB mn in Dec 2013 and a record low of 0.000 RMB mn in Oct 2024. CN: Short-term Liquidity Operation(SLO): Funds Withdrawn data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The People's Bank of China. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Money and Banking – Table CN.KA: Open Market Operation.

Last Frequency Range
0.000 Oct 2024 monthly Dec 2013 - Oct 2024

View China's Short-term Liquidity Operation(SLO): Funds Withdrawn from Dec 2013 to Oct 2024 in the chart:

China Short-term Liquidity Operation(SLO): Funds Withdrawn
CN: Central Bank Bill: Issuance: 1 Year
CN: Central Bank Bill: Issuance: 3 Month
CN: Central Bank Bill: Issuance: 3 Year
CN: Central Bank Bill: Issuance: 6 Month
CN: Outright Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 182 Day
CN: Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 14 Day
CN: Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 182 Day
CN: Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 21 Day
CN: Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 28 Day
CN: Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 7 Day
CN: Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 84 Day
CN: Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 91 Day
CN: Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 14 Day
CN: Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 182 Day
CN: Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 21 Day
CN: Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 28 Day
CN: Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 7 Day
CN: Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 84 Day
CN: Reverse Repurchase Turnover: Central Bank: 91 Day
CN: Short-term Liquidity Operation(SLO): Funds Injected
CN: Short-term Liquidity Operation(SLO): Funds Withdrawn
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