France Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual

FR: Business-Financed GERD: % of GDP

FR: Business-Financed GERD: % of GDP data was reported at 1.250 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 1.226 % for 2021. FR: Business-Financed GERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 1.101 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.284 % in 2020 and a record low of 0.772 % in 1981. FR: Business-Financed GERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: Business-Financed GERD: % of GDP from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:

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FR: Estimated Civil GERD: % Of GDP

FR: Estimated Civil GERD: % Of GDP data was reported at 2.208 % in 2014. This records an increase from the previous number of 2.158 % for 2013. FR: Estimated Civil GERD: % Of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 1.926 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2014, with 34 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.208 % in 2014 and a record low of 1.517 % in 1981. FR: Estimated Civil GERD: % Of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: Estimated Civil GERD: % Of GDP from 1981 to 2014 in the chart:

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FR: GERD Financed: Business Enterprise Sector

FR: GERD Financed: Business Enterprise Sector data was reported at 56.302 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 55.428 % for 2021. FR: GERD Financed: Business Enterprise Sector data is updated yearly, averaging 52.020 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 56.747 % in 2019 and a record low of 40.917 % in 1981. FR: GERD Financed: Business Enterprise Sector data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: GERD Financed: Business Enterprise Sector from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:

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FR: GERD Financed: Government

FR: GERD Financed: Government data was reported at 31.962 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 32.457 % for 2021. FR: GERD Financed: Government data is updated yearly, averaging 38.686 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 54.019 % in 1982 and a record low of 31.352 % in 2019. FR: GERD Financed: Government data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: GERD Financed: Government from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:

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FR: GERD Financed: Higher Education and PNP Sectors

FR: GERD Financed: Higher Education and PNP Sectors data was reported at 4.226 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 4.428 % for 2021. FR: GERD Financed: Higher Education and PNP Sectors data is updated yearly, averaging 1.732 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.428 % in 2021 and a record low of 0.560 % in 1988. FR: GERD Financed: Higher Education and PNP Sectors data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: GERD Financed: Higher Education and PNP Sectors from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:

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FR: GERD Financed: Rest of The World

FR: GERD Financed: Rest of The World data was reported at 7.509 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 7.687 % for 2021. FR: GERD Financed: Rest of The World data is updated yearly, averaging 7.614 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8.756 % in 2004 and a record low of 3.558 % in 1983. FR: GERD Financed: Rest of The World data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: GERD Financed: Rest of The World from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:

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FR: GERD Performed: Government Sector

FR: GERD Performed: Government Sector data was reported at 11.414 % in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 11.532 % for 2022. FR: GERD Performed: Government Sector data is updated yearly, averaging 16.979 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2023, with 43 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 26.518 % in 1984 and a record low of 11.414 % in 2023. FR: GERD Performed: Government Sector data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: GERD Performed: Government Sector from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:

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FR: GERD Performed: Higher Education Sector

FR: GERD Performed: Higher Education Sector data was reported at 20.964 % in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 20.364 % for 2022. FR: GERD Performed: Higher Education Sector data is updated yearly, averaging 18.827 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2023, with 43 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 22.121 % in 2014 and a record low of 14.574 % in 1990. FR: GERD Performed: Higher Education Sector data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: GERD Performed: Higher Education Sector from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:

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FR: GERD Performed: Private Non-Profit Sector

FR: GERD Performed: Private Non-Profit Sector data was reported at 1.982 % in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.988 % for 2022. FR: GERD Performed: Private Non-Profit Sector data is updated yearly, averaging 1.341 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2023, with 43 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.069 % in 2021 and a record low of 0.784 % in 1991. FR: GERD Performed: Private Non-Profit Sector data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: GERD Performed: Private Non-Profit Sector from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:

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FR: GERD per Capita Population: Current PPP

FR: GERD per Capita Population: Current PPP data was reported at 1,243.970 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,185.842 % for 2021. FR: GERD per Capita Population: Current PPP data is updated yearly, averaging 592.692 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,243.970 % in 2022 and a record low of 198.838 % in 1981. FR: GERD per Capita Population: Current PPP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

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FR: GERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate

FR: GERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 0.490 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3.789 % for 2021. FR: GERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 1.818 % from Dec 1982 (Median) to 2022, with 36 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6.867 % in 1982 and a record low of -4.046 % in 2020. FR: GERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

View France's FR: GERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1982 to 2022 in the chart:

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FR: GERD: Current PPP

FR: GERD: Current PPP data was reported at 87.093 USD bn in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 84.868 USD bn for 2022. FR: GERD: Current PPP data is updated yearly, averaging 37.177 USD bn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2023, with 43 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 87.093 USD bn in 2023 and a record low of 11.030 USD bn in 1981. FR: GERD: Current PPP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: GERD: Current PPP from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:

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FR: GERD: PPP: 2015p

FR: GERD: PPP: 2015p data was reported at 63.973 USD bn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 63.660 USD bn for 2021. FR: GERD: PPP: 2015p data is updated yearly, averaging 50.007 USD bn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 63.973 USD bn in 2022 and a record low of 27.351 USD bn in 1981. FR: GERD: PPP: 2015p data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: GERD: PPP: 2015p from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:

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FR: GOVERD: % of GDP

FR: GOVERD: % of GDP data was reported at 0.250 % in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.256 % for 2022. FR: GOVERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 0.362 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2023, with 43 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.556 % in 1984 and a record low of 0.250 % in 2023. FR: GOVERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: GOVERD: % of GDP from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:

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FR: GOVERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate

FR: GOVERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at -1.560 % in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.225 % for 2022. FR: GOVERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 1.101 % from Dec 1982 (Median) to 2023, with 38 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 14.148 % in 1982 and a record low of -8.073 % in 2020. FR: GOVERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

View France's FR: GOVERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1982 to 2022 in the chart:

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FR: GOVERD: PPP: 2015p

FR: GOVERD: PPP: 2015p data was reported at 7.391 USD bn in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 7.461 USD bn for 2021. FR: GOVERD: PPP: 2015p data is updated yearly, averaging 8.390 USD bn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 10.181 USD bn in 1990 and a record low of 6.453 USD bn in 1981. FR: GOVERD: PPP: 2015p data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: GOVERD: PPP: 2015p from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:

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FR: Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D (GOVERD)

FR: Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D (GOVERD) data was reported at 7,045.149 EUR mn in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 6,796.350 EUR mn for 2022. FR: Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D (GOVERD) data is updated yearly, averaging 5,766.558 EUR mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2023, with 43 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7,045.149 EUR mn in 2023 and a record low of 2,247.099 EUR mn in 1981. FR: Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D (GOVERD) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: Government Intramural Expenditure on R&D (GOVERD) from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:

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FR: Government-Financed GERD: % of GDP

FR: Government-Financed GERD: % of GDP data was reported at 0.709 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.718 % for 2021. FR: Government-Financed GERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 0.814 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.140 % in 1985 and a record low of 0.689 % in 2019. FR: Government-Financed GERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: Government-Financed GERD: % of GDP from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:

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FR: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD)

FR: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) data was reported at 57,414.724 EUR mn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 55,498.859 EUR mn for 2021. FR: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) data is updated yearly, averaging 33,707.312 EUR mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 57,414.724 EUR mn in 2022 and a record low of 9,523.688 EUR mn in 1981. FR: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:

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FR: HERD Financed: Business Sector

FR: HERD Financed: Business Sector data was reported at 3.381 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 3.099 % for 2021. FR: HERD Financed: Business Sector data is updated yearly, averaging 2.808 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.858 % in 1990 and a record low of 1.290 % in 1983. FR: HERD Financed: Business Sector data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: HERD Financed: Business Sector from 1981 to 2021 in the chart:

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FR: HERD: % of GDP

FR: HERD: % of GDP data was reported at 0.458 % in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.452 % for 2022. FR: HERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 0.394 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2023, with 43 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.503 % in 2014 and a record low of 0.310 % in 1981. FR: HERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: HERD: % of GDP from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:

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FR: HERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate

FR: HERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 2.394 % in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 2.272 % for 2022. FR: HERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 2.494 % from Dec 1982 (Median) to 2023, with 38 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8.184 % in 2009 and a record low of -7.022 % in 2015. FR: HERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

View France's FR: HERD: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1982 to 2022 in the chart:

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FR: HERD: Current PPP

FR: HERD: Current PPP data was reported at 18.258 USD bn in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 17.282 USD bn for 2022. FR: HERD: Current PPP data is updated yearly, averaging 7.112 USD bn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2023, with 43 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 18.258 USD bn in 2023 and a record low of 1.811 USD bn in 1981. FR: HERD: Current PPP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: HERD: Current PPP from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:

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FR: HERD: PPP: 2015p

FR: HERD: PPP: 2015p data was reported at 13.191 USD bn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 13.040 USD bn for 2021. FR: HERD: PPP: 2015p data is updated yearly, averaging 9.461 USD bn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 13.536 USD bn in 2014 and a record low of 4.490 USD bn in 1981. FR: HERD: PPP: 2015p data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: HERD: PPP: 2015p from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:

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FR: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD)

FR: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) data was reported at 12,940.049 EUR mn in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 12,001.070 EUR mn for 2022. FR: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) data is updated yearly, averaging 6,512.132 EUR mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2023, with 43 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 12,940.049 EUR mn in 2023 and a record low of 1,563.517 EUR mn in 1981. FR: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In France, from 2014 onwards, the R&D personnel in the university hospitals is better identified, introducing to a break in series in the higher education sector; moreover, from that year, university hospitals collect R&D personnel data by gender whereas these figures were previously estimated. The National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) is included in the Higher Education sector, whereas in other countries such as Italy for example, this type of organisation is classified in the Government sector. This affects comparisons of the breakdown of R&D efforts by sector of performance.

The methodology of the public administrations survey was changed in 2010: the method for measuring the resources devoted to R&D in ministries and some public organisations has been modified, leading to a better identification of their financing activities. The impact is notably a 900 million fall in GOVERD and a 3 200 drop in FTE personnel.

From 2004 onwards, a new methodology was introduced to correct for some double-counting of funds for universities. In 2007, the sampling method in the BE sector was modified and the 2004 data revised according to the new methodology.

Beginning with the 2006 survey, in order to better take into account SMEs, there is no longer a cut-off point in the business enterprise sector of one Full-time-equivalent on R&D for an enterprise to be included in the survey population.

From 2001, coverage of the BE sector was expanded. Data communicated by the Ministry of Defence were also extended to cover research that was not considered R&D in earlier years. This also affected GBARD data.

In 2000, several methodological changes which improved the quality of the public sector data resulted in a break in series for that year: social charges and civil pensions are better captured in universities' research expenses; modification of responses from some institutes to better harmonise with the corresponding multi-annual programme; and implementation of a redesigned questionnaire. National sources estimate that the previous method would have produced a 1.6% increase in GERD, where the current method resulted in 4%.

Due to changes in the methods used to evaluate domestic expenditure on defence, the results of the 1998 surveys revealed significant modifications requiring new estimates for 1997. This break in series relates also to the GBARD data.

In 1997, the method used to measure R&D personnel in administrations has changed.

Between 1991 and 1992 France Télécom and GIAT Industries were transferred from the Government to the Business Enterprise sector following a change in their legal status.

Before 2016, part of R&D budgets cannot be allocated by NABS socio-economic objective. In 2006 and 2007, following the implementation of the Constitutional Bylaw on Budget Acts (LOLF act: 'loi organique relative aux lois de finances'), some departments are no longer recorded in the GBARD data. Consequently, total GBARD is underestimated for both years.

View France's FR: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) from 1981 to 2022 in the chart:

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