Brazil Imports: Telecommunication Equipment
1995 - 2023 | Yearly | USD th | United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
Key information about Brazil Imports: Telecommunication Equipment
- Brazil Imports: Telecommunication Equipment was reported at 3,559,785.270 USD th in Dec 2023
- This records a decrease from the previous number of 9,955,715.138 USD th for Dec 2022
- Brazil Imports: Telecommunication Equipment data is updated yearly, averaging 3,041,642.356 USD th from Dec 1995 to 2023, with 29 observations
- The data reached an all-time high of 10,045,984.961 USD th in 2014 and a record low of 1,484,905.967 USD th in 2002
- Brazil Imports: Telecommunication Equipment data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
- The data is categorized under World Trend Plus’s Association: Electronic Sector – Table RF.UNCTAD.TE: Telecommunication Equipment: Import Value
View Brazil's Imports: Telecommunication Equipment from 1995 to 2023 in the chart:
What was Brazil's Imports: Telecommunication Equipment in 2023?
Brazil Imports: Telecommunication Equipment was reported at 3,559,785.270 USD th in Dec 2023 See the table below for more data.
| Last | Previous | Min | Max | Unit | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3,559,785.270 2023 | 9,955,715.138 2022 | 1,484,905.967 2002 | 10,045,984.961 2014 | USD th | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
Imports: Telecommunication Equipment by Country Comparison
| country/region | Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan (USD th) | 56,609.538 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Albania (USD th) | 108,657.912 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Algeria (USD th) | 961,003.030 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| American Samoa (USD th) | 801.538 2023 | yearly | 2000 - 2023 |
| Andorra (USD th) | 38,837.196 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Angola (USD th) | 303,530.561 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Anguilla (USD th) | 2,482.312 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Antigua and Barbuda (USD th) | 3,814.141 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Argentina (USD th) | 1,057,942.578 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Armenia (USD th) | 841,466.593 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Aruba (USD th) | 16,619.007 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Australia (USD th) | 10,928,803.283 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Austria (USD th) | 7,614,669.782 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Azerbaijan (USD th) | 482,859.623 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Bahamas (USD th) | 28,094.149 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Bahrain (USD th) | 289,130.594 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Bangladesh (USD th) | 826,665.749 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Barbados (USD th) | 18,096.512 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Belarus (USD th) | 516,014.993 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Belgium (USD th) | 4,891,183.855 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Belize (USD th) | 6,570.715 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Benin (USD th) | 36,496.760 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Bermuda (USD th) | 10,729.067 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Bhutan (USD th) | 24,333.716 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Bolivia (USD th) | 130,970.944 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina (USD th) | 188,384.310 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Botswana (USD th) | 69,659.266 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Brazil (USD th) | 3,559,785.270 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Brunei (USD th) | 42,261.293 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Bulgaria (USD th) | 1,187,892.806 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Burkina Faso (USD th) | 59,278.614 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Burundi (USD th) | 11,902.636 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Cambodia (USD th) | 240,228.379 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Cameroon (USD th) | 67,722.001 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Canada (USD th) | 15,539,223.600 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Cape Verde (USD th) | 9,091.764 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Cayman Islands (USD th) | 8,300.269 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Central African Republic (USD th) | 19,124.747 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Chad (USD th) | 68,832.908 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Chile (USD th) | 2,466,554.048 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| China (USD th) | 35,799,818.767 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Colombia (USD th) | 2,570,904.382 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Comoros (USD th) | 1,815.811 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Congo (USD th) | 54,475.937 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Cook Islands (USD th) | 2,430.318 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Costa Rica (USD th) | 633,057.373 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Croatia (USD th) | 741,703.691 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Cuba (USD th) | 63,198.240 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Cyprus (USD th) | 226,254.972 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Czech Republic (USD th) | 16,785,454.746 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Democratic Republic of Congo (USD th) | 757.098 2022 | yearly | 1995 - 2022 |
| Denmark (USD th) | 3,287,125.858 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Djibouti (USD th) | 56,586.440 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Dominica (USD th) | 4,050.592 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Dominican Republic (USD th) | 345,596.056 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Ecuador (USD th) | 708,423.659 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Egypt (USD th) | 974,457.352 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| El Salvador (USD th) | 296,487.657 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Equatorial Guinea (USD th) | 30,191.116 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Eritrea (USD th) | 2,306.095 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Estonia (USD th) | 702,279.221 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Swaziland (USD th) | 18,050.069 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Ethiopia (USD th) | 300,705.331 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Falkland Islands (USD th) | 1,207.292 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Faroe Islands (USD th) | 13,254.160 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Fiji (USD th) | 84,768.924 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Finland (USD th) | 1,952,425.145 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| France (USD th) | 15,868,551.479 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| French Polynesia (USD th) | 54,299.365 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Gabon (USD th) | 49,551.086 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Gambia (USD th) | 4,992.060 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Georgia (USD th) | 395,242.552 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Germany (USD th) | 35,343,425.388 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Ghana (USD th) | 186,833.138 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Gibraltar (USD th) | 2,352.595 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Greece (USD th) | 1,486,125.150 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Greenland (USD th) | 10,298.153 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Grenada (USD th) | 9,261.759 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Guam (USD th) | 17,400.795 2023 | yearly | 2000 - 2023 |
| Guatemala (USD th) | 1,078,003.577 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Guinea (USD th) | 85,202.054 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Guinea-Bissau (USD th) | 7,107.266 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Guyana (USD th) | 67,819.857 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Haiti (USD th) | 35,723.646 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Honduras (USD th) | 359,143.937 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Hong Kong SAR, China (USD th) | 59,406,301.501 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Hungary (USD th) | 4,644,439.572 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Iceland (USD th) | 166,321.155 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| India (USD th) | 11,012,104.331 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Indonesia (USD th) | 4,339,425.562 2023 | yearly | 2003 - 2023 |
| Iran (USD th) | 8,218,009.436 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Iraq (USD th) | 1,017,793.058 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Ireland (USD th) | 2,645,654.976 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Israel (USD th) | 2,559,136.299 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Italy (USD th) | 13,041,785.439 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Ivory Coast (USD th) | 1,793.859 2022 | yearly | 1995 - 2022 |
| Jamaica (USD th) | 77,261.166 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Japan (USD th) | 31,848,063.058 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Jordan (USD th) | 604,429.304 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
| Kazakhstan (USD th) | 2,000,239.527 2023 | yearly | 1995 - 2023 |
Accurate Macro & Micro Economic Data You Can Trust
Explore the most complete set of 6.6 million time series covering more than 200 economies, 20 industries and 18 macroeconomic sectors.
Learn more about what we doBrazil Key Series
| Government and Public Finance | Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Consolidated Fiscal Balance: % of GDP (%) | -5.8 Dec 2024 | quarterly | Dec 1997 - Dec 2024 |
| Consolidated Fiscal Balance (USD mn) | -3,892.594 Dec 2024 | monthly | Jan 1997 - Dec 2024 |
| Tax Revenue (USD mn) | 28,751.516 Dec 2024 | monthly | Jul 1994 - Dec 2024 |
| Tax Revenue: % of GDP (%) | 16.7 Dec 2024 | quarterly | Sep 1994 - Dec 2024 |
| National Government Debt (USD mn) | 1,452,819.6 Dec 2024 | monthly | Dec 2000 - Dec 2024 |
| Government Debt: % of GDP (%) | 76.1 Dec 2024 | quarterly | Dec 2006 - Dec 2024 |
| Forecast: Government Expenditure (BRL bn) | 6,975.892 2029 | yearly | 2001 - 2029 |
| Forecast: Government Net Debt (BRL bn) | 15,131.944 2029 | yearly | 2000 - 2029 |
| Forecast: Government Revenue (BRL bn) | 6,180.294 2029 | yearly | 2001 - 2029 |
| Central Government: Balance (BRL mn) | 17,645.294 Jan 2019 | monthly | Jan 1997 - Jan 2019 |
| Central Government: Revenue (BRL mn) | 291,963.010 Dec 2024 | monthly | Jan 1997 - Dec 2024 |
| Central Government: Expenditure (BRL mn) | 212,075.645 Dec 2024 | monthly | Jan 1997 - Dec 2024 |
| Tax Revenues: Income Tax (BRL mn) | 59,697.942 Nov 2024 | monthly | Jan 1992 - Nov 2024 |
| Tax Revenues: Tax on Industrial Products (BRL mn) | 7,849.279 Nov 2024 | monthly | Jan 1992 - Nov 2024 |
| Tax Revenues (BRL mn) | 175,413.000 Dec 2024 | monthly | Jul 1994 - Dec 2024 |
| Tax Revenues: Contribution to Social Security Financing (BRL mn) | 36,403.984 Nov 2024 | monthly | Jan 1992 - Nov 2024 |
| PSBR: 12 Months Cumulative: Nominal Interest (BRL mn) | 373,412.877 Feb 2019 | monthly | Dec 1991 - Feb 2019 |
| PSBR: 12 Months Cumulative: Primary: Central Govt: Central Bank (BRL mn) | 494.191 Feb 2019 | monthly | Dec 1999 - Feb 2019 |
| PSBR: 12 Months Cumulative: Primary: Central Govt: Federal (BRL mn) | -76,694.194 Feb 2019 | monthly | Dec 1999 - Feb 2019 |
| PSBR: 12 Months Cumulative: Primary: Central Govt (BRL mn) | 118,698.156 Feb 2019 | monthly | Dec 1991 - Feb 2019 |
| PSBR: 12 Months Cumulative: Primary (BRL mn) | 105,818.215 Feb 2019 | monthly | Dec 1991 - Feb 2019 |
| PSBR: 12 Months Cumulative: Nominal (BRL mn) | 479,231.092 Feb 2019 | monthly | Dec 1991 - Feb 2019 |
| PSBR: 12 Months Cumulative: Primary: Central Govt: Social Security (BRL mn) | 194,898.159 Feb 2019 | monthly | Dec 1999 - Feb 2019 |
| Public Sector Debt: Gen Govt: Gross: Foreign (BRL mn) | 1,204,174.053 Dec 2024 | monthly | Dec 2006 - Dec 2024 |
| Public Sector Debt: Net (BRL mn) | 7,220,738.465 Dec 2024 | monthly | Dec 2006 - Dec 2024 |
| Public Sector Debt: Gen Govt: Gross: Domestic (BRL mn) | 7,780,062.542 Dec 2024 | monthly | Dec 2006 - Dec 2024 |
| Net Public Debt to GDP Ratio: General Government (%) | 63.040 Dec 2024 | monthly | Jan 1998 - Dec 2024 |
| BR: Net Lending (+) / Net Borrowing (-) (BRL mn) | -431,398.064 2022 | yearly | 2010 - 2022 |
| BR: Expenditure (BRL mn) | 3,440,643.303 2022 | yearly | 2010 - 2022 |
| Balance of Payments | Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Direct Investment Abroad (USD mn) | 3,122.5 Dec 2024 | monthly | Jan 1995 - Dec 2024 |
| Current Account Balance (USD mn) | -9,033.2 Dec 2024 | monthly | Jan 1995 - Dec 2024 |
| Current Account Balance: % of GDP (%) | -3.4 Dec 2024 | quarterly | Mar 1995 - Dec 2024 |
| Foreign Direct Investment (USD mn) | 5,380.2 May 2023 | monthly | Jan 1995 - May 2023 |
| Foreign Direct Investment: % of GDP (%) | 2.9 Dec 2024 | quarterly | Mar 1995 - Dec 2024 |
| Foreign Portfolio Investment (USD mn) | -2,447.748 Dec 2024 | quarterly | Mar 1995 - Dec 2024 |
| Foreign Portfolio Investment: % of GDP (%) | -0.5 Dec 2024 | quarterly | Mar 1995 - Dec 2024 |
| Foreign Portfolio Investment: Equity Securities (USD mn) | -8,468.4 Dec 2024 | quarterly | Mar 1995 - Dec 2024 |
| Foreign Portfolio Investment: Debt Securities (USD mn) | 6,020.619 Dec 2024 | quarterly | Mar 1995 - Dec 2024 |
| External Debt (USD mn) | 575,357.5 Dec 2022 | quarterly | Dec 1999 - Dec 2022 |
| External Debt: % of GDP (%) | 27.7 2023 | yearly | 1992 - 2023 |
| External Debt: Short Term (USD mn) | 66,685.1 Dec 2022 | quarterly | Dec 1999 - Dec 2022 |
| External Debt: Short Term: % of GDP (%) | 3.7 2023 | yearly | 1999 - 2023 |
| Forecast: Current Account Balance (USD bn) | -44.939 2029 | yearly | 1980 - 2029 |
| Net International Investment Position (USD mn) | -972,358.334 Sep 2024 | quarterly | Dec 2001 - Sep 2024 |
| External Debt: Net (USD mn) | -27,092.050 Sep 2022 | quarterly | Mar 1987 - Sep 2022 |
| Gross External Debt: General Government (USD mn) | 71,006.243 Dec 2018 | quarterly | Dec 2001 - Dec 2018 |
| External Debt: BPM6: Long-term (USD mn) | 251,862.762 Dec 2022 | quarterly | Dec 1999 - Dec 2022 |
| External Debt Ratio: Net Total External Debt to GDP (%) | -1.465 Dec 2022 | quarterly | Dec 1995 - Dec 2022 |
| BR: BoP: Financial Account: Official Reserve Assets (USD mn) | 21,372.342 2023 | yearly | 1975 - 2023 |
| BR: IIP: Liabilities (USD mn) | 1,986,722.630 2023 | yearly | 2001 - 2023 |
| BoP: Net Errors and Omissions (USD mn) | 1,126.855 Jul 2018 | monthly | Jan 1995 - Jul 2018 |
| BoP: Current Account (CA) (USD mn) | -9,033.218 Dec 2024 | monthly | Jan 1995 - Dec 2024 |
| BoP: CA: Balance on G & S: Balance on Goods (USD mn) | 4,289.409 Dec 2024 | monthly | Jan 1995 - Dec 2024 |
| BoP: CA: Balance on G & S: Sevices (SE) (USD mn) | -4,562.290 Dec 2024 | monthly | Jan 1995 - Dec 2024 |
| BoP: CA: Primary Income (PI) (USD mn) | -9,144.322 Dec 2024 | monthly | Jan 1995 - Dec 2024 |
| BoP: CA: Secondary Income (SI) (USD mn) | 383.984 Dec 2024 | monthly | Jan 1995 - Dec 2024 |
| BoP: CA: Debit (DR) (USD mn) | 43,832.842 Dec 2024 | monthly | Jan 1995 - Dec 2024 |
| BoP: CA: Credit (CR) (USD mn) | 34,799.624 Dec 2024 | monthly | Jan 1995 - Dec 2024 |
| BoP: CA: Balance on G & S: Balance on Goods: Imports (USD mn) | 20,827.709 Dec 2024 | monthly | Jan 1995 - Dec 2024 |
| BoP: CA: Balance on G & S: SE: DR (USD mn) | 9,239.934 Dec 2024 | monthly | Jan 1995 - Dec 2024 |
| BoP: CA: Balance on G & S: SE: CR (USD mn) | 4,677.644 Dec 2024 | monthly | Jan 1995 - Dec 2024 |
| BoP: CA: Balance on G & S: Balance on Goods: Exports (USD mn) | 25,117.118 Dec 2024 | monthly | Jan 1995 - Dec 2024 |
| BoP: CA: SI: DR (USD mn) | 630.785 Dec 2024 | monthly | Jan 1995 - Dec 2024 |
| BoP: CA: PI: DR (USD mn) | 13,134.415 Dec 2024 | monthly | Jan 1995 - Dec 2024 |
| BoP: CA: SI: CR (USD mn) | 1,014.769 Dec 2024 | monthly | Jan 1995 - Dec 2024 |
| BoP: CA: PI: CR (USD mn) | 3,990.093 Dec 2024 | monthly | Jan 1995 - Dec 2024 |
| IIP: Liabilities (USD mn) | 2,010,752.014 Sep 2024 | quarterly | Dec 2001 - Sep 2024 |
| IIP: Assets (USD mn) | 1,038,393.681 Sep 2024 | quarterly | Dec 2001 - Sep 2024 |
| Direct Investment Liabilities: Equity Capital: Inflow: Oil and Gas Extraction (USD mn) | 5,250.674 2018 | yearly | 2006 - 2018 |
| Monetary | Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Non Performing Loans Ratio (%) | 3.0 Dec 2024 | monthly | Mar 2011 - Dec 2024 |
| Non-Performing Loans (USD mn) | 37,054.665 Sep 2024 | quarterly | Mar 2005 - Sep 2024 |
| Money Supply M1 (USD mn) | 114,592.871 Dec 2024 | monthly | Feb 1986 - Dec 2024 |
| Money Supply M2 (USD mn) | 1,038,581.629 May 2023 | monthly | Feb 1986 - May 2023 |
| M2 Growth (%) | 11.6 Dec 2024 | monthly | Jan 1971 - Dec 2024 |
| Reserve Requirement Ratio (%) | 21.0 Jan 2025 | monthly | Jul 1994 - Jan 2025 |
| Foreign Exchange Reserves (USD mn) | 294,434.9 Jan 2025 | monthly | Nov 2000 - Jan 2025 |
| Foreign Exchange Reserves: % of GDP (%) | 13.536 Dec 2024 | quarterly | Dec 2000 - Dec 2024 |
| Foreign Exchange Reserves: Months of Import (NA) | 12.8 Jan 2025 | monthly | Nov 2000 - Jan 2025 |
| Gold Reserves (USD mn) | 10,874.000 Dec 2024 | monthly | Dec 1956 - Dec 2024 |
| Total Deposits (USD mn) | 1,061,084.862 Sep 2024 | quarterly | Mar 2000 - Sep 2024 |
| Total Deposits Growth (%) | 12.3 Sep 2024 | quarterly | Mar 2001 - Sep 2024 |
| Domestic Credit (USD mn) | 2,449,937.3 Dec 2024 | monthly | Dec 2001 - Dec 2024 |
| Domestic Credit Growth (%) | 6.8 Dec 2024 | monthly | Dec 2002 - Dec 2024 |
| Debt Service Ratio: Private Non-Financial Sector (%) | 24.700 Dec 2023 | quarterly | Mar 1999 - Dec 2023 |
| Credit to Households (USD bn) | 723.879 Jun 2024 | quarterly | Sep 1994 - Jun 2024 |
| Credit to Private Non-Financial Sector (USD bn) | 1,826.872 Jun 2024 | quarterly | Dec 1993 - Jun 2024 |
| Total Loans (USD mn) | 1,039,352.684 Dec 2024 | monthly | Jan 1995 - Dec 2024 |
| Total Loans Growth (%) | 10.93 Dec 2024 | monthly | Jan 1996 - Dec 2024 |
| Private Debt: % of Nominal GDP (%) | 52.23 Dec 2024 | quarterly | Mar 2012 - Dec 2024 |
| ORA: Foreign Currency Reserves in Convertible FC (FCR) (USD mn) | 286,678.460 Jan 2025 | monthly | Nov 2000 - Jan 2025 |
| Official Reserve Assets (USD mn) | 328,303.466 Jan 2025 | monthly | Dec 1970 - Jan 2025 |
| Broad Money Supply: M2 (BRL mn) | 2,589,685.687 Jul 2018 | monthly | Dec 2001 - Jul 2018 |
| Broad Money Supply: M3 (BRL mn) | 5,856,775.586 Jul 2018 | monthly | Dec 2001 - Jul 2018 |
| Broad Money Supply: M4 (BRL mn) | 6,378,069.259 Jul 2018 | monthly | Dec 2001 - Jul 2018 |
| Business and Economic Survey | Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Business Confidence Growth (% Point) | -2.2 Dec 2024 | monthly | Jan 2010 - Dec 2024 |
| ME: Exchange Rate: Current Calendar Year: Median (%) | 6.000 Jan 2025 | monthly | Feb 2021 - Jan 2025 |
More Indicators for Brazil
Request a demo of CEIC
CEIC’s economic databases cover over 200 global markets. Our Platform offers the most reliable macroeconomic data and advanced analytical tools.
Please note, product demos are not available for students. Please click here to find out more about the version of CEIC available for student users.