South Africa Consumer Confidence Growth

1983 - 2023 | Quarterly | % Point | CEIC Data

Key information about South Africa Consumer Confidence Growth

  • South Africa Consumer Confidence remained the same with a change of 0.0 % Point in Jun 2023, compared with a decrease of 10.0 % Point in the previous quarter.
  • South Africa Consumer Confidence: YoY Change is updated quarterly, available from Jun 1983 to Jun 2023, averaged at 0.0 % Point.
  • The data reached an all-time high of 31.0 % Point in Jun 2018 and a record low of -38.0 % Point in Jun 2020.
  • In the latest reports, Retail Sales of South Africa dropped 1.5 % YoY in May 2023.

CEIC calculates Consumer Confidence Change from quarterly Consumer Confidence Index. Bureau for Economic Research provides Consumer Confidence Index with range from -100 to 100 with neutral point 0.

View South Africa's Consumer Confidence Growth from Jun 1983 to Jun 2023 in the chart:

South Africa Consumer Confidence Growth

What was South Africa's Consumer Confidence Growth in Jun 2023?

South Africa Consumer Confidence remained the same with a change of 0.0 % Point in Jun 2023, compared with a decrease of 10.0 % Point in the previous quarter. See the table below for more data.

Last Previous Min Max Unit Frequency Range
0.0 Jun 2023 -10.0 Mar 2023 -38.0 Jun 2020 31.0 Jun 2018 % Point quarterly Jun 1983 - Jun 2023

Consumer Confidence Growth by Country Comparison

country/region Last Frequency Range
Albania (% Point) 1.2 Sep 2024 quarterly Jun 2017 - Sep 2024
Argentina (% Point) -5.0 Nov 2024 monthly Mar 2002 - Nov 2024
Armenia (% Point) 3.0 Jun 2016 quarterly Sep 2006 - Jun 2016
Austria (% Point) 11.0 Sep 2024 monthly Oct 1996 - Sep 2024
Belgium (% Point) -4.0 Nov 2024 monthly Jan 1986 - Nov 2024
Brazil (%) 3.6 Nov 2024 monthly Sep 2006 - Nov 2024
Bulgaria (% Point) 1.2 Nov 2024 monthly May 2002 - Nov 2024
Chile (% Point) 7.8 Jun 2023 monthly Mar 2003 - Jun 2023
China (% Point) -1.0 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 1991 - Oct 2024
Colombia (% Point) 10.3 Oct 2024 monthly Nov 2002 - Oct 2024
Croatia (% Point) 0.3 Nov 2024 monthly May 2006 - Nov 2024
Cyprus (% Point) 5.2 Nov 2024 monthly May 2002 - Nov 2024
Czech Republic (% Point) 9.3 Nov 2024 monthly Jan 1999 - Nov 2024
Denmark (% Point) 1.0 Nov 2024 monthly Oct 1975 - Nov 2024
Ecuador (% Point) 5.7 Oct 2024 monthly Dec 2015 - Oct 2024
Estonia (% Point) 0.8 Nov 2024 monthly Dec 1996 - Nov 2024
European Union (% Point) 3.6 Nov 2024 monthly Jan 1986 - Nov 2024
Finland (% Point) 4.7 Nov 2024 monthly Oct 1996 - Nov 2024
France (% Point) -1.7 Nov 2024 monthly Jan 1986 - Nov 2024
Georgia (% Point) -8.5 Oct 2024 monthly May 2013 - Oct 2024
Germany (% Point) 5.2 Nov 2024 monthly Jan 1986 - Nov 2024
Ghana (%) 1.6 Aug 2024 monthly Oct 2013 - Aug 2024
Greece (% Point) -1.7 Nov 2024 monthly Jan 1986 - Nov 2024
Hong Kong SAR, China (%) 10.5 Sep 2017 quarterly Mar 2001 - Sep 2017
Hungary (% Point) 2.0 Nov 2024 monthly Jan 1997 - Nov 2024
Iceland (% Point) -24.2 Sep 2024 monthly Mar 2002 - Sep 2024
India (% Point) -0.9 Sep 2024 quarterly Dec 2011 - Sep 2024
Indonesia (% Point) -3.2 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2011 - Oct 2024
Ireland (% Point) -17.7 Jan 2023 monthly Jan 1986 - Jan 2023
Israel (% Point) 2.0 Oct 2024 monthly Mar 2012 - Oct 2024
Italy (% Point) 4.4 Nov 2024 monthly Jan 1986 - Nov 2024
Japan (% Point) -0.2 Nov 2024 monthly Apr 2005 - Nov 2024
South Korea (% Point) 3.4 Nov 2024 monthly Jul 2009 - Nov 2024
Latvia (% Point) 16.2 Nov 2024 monthly Jan 1994 - Nov 2024
Lithuania (% Point) 8.0 Jun 2023 monthly Jan 2014 - Jun 2023
Luxembourg (% Point) 2.6 Nov 2024 monthly Jan 2003 - Nov 2024
Malaysia (% Point) -0.4 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 2024 - Sep 2024
Malta (% Point) 12.0 Nov 2024 monthly Nov 2003 - Nov 2024
Mexico (% Point) 6.8 Oct 2024 monthly Apr 2002 - Oct 2024
Morocco (% Point) -7.4 Mar 2023 quarterly Mar 2009 - Mar 2023
Netherlands (% Point) 8.0 Nov 2024 monthly Apr 1987 - Nov 2024
New Zealand (% Point) 10.6 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 2007 - Sep 2024
Nigeria (% Point) -1.3 Dec 2020 quarterly Jun 2010 - Dec 2020
Norway (% Point) 9.9 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2013 - Oct 2024
Philippines (% Point) -6.7 Jun 2023 quarterly Sep 2005 - Jun 2023
Poland (% Point) 15.6 Jun 2023 monthly Jan 2005 - Jun 2023
Portugal (% Point) 16.3 Nov 2024 monthly Jun 1987 - Nov 2024
Qatar (% Point) -4.1 Mar 2023 quarterly Sep 2014 - Mar 2023
Romania (% Point) 10.7 Nov 2024 monthly May 2002 - Nov 2024
Russia (% Point) 6.0 Sep 2024 quarterly Dec 1999 - Sep 2024
Slovakia (% Point) -2.8 Nov 2024 monthly Apr 2000 - Nov 2024
Slovenia (% Point) 2.0 Nov 2024 monthly Mar 1997 - Nov 2024
South Africa (% Point) 0.0 Jun 2023 quarterly Jun 1983 - Jun 2023
Spain (% Point) 8.1 Sep 2024 monthly Jun 1987 - Sep 2024
Sweden (% Point) 17.7 Nov 2024 monthly Oct 1996 - Nov 2024
Switzerland (% Point) -2.0 Jul 2018 quarterly Oct 1973 - Jul 2018
Taiwan (% Point) 6.1 Nov 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Nov 2024
Thailand (% Point) -4.2 Oct 2024 monthly Oct 1999 - Oct 2024
Turkey (% Point) 4.3 Nov 2024 monthly Jan 2013 - Nov 2024
United Kingdom (% Point) -7.2 Dec 2020 monthly Jan 1986 - Dec 2020
United States (%) 10.6 Nov 2024 monthly Feb 1968 - Nov 2024

Accurate Macro & Micro Economic Data You Can Trust

Explore the most complete set of 6.6 million time series covering more than 200 economies, 20 industries and 18 macroeconomic sectors.

Learn more about what we do

South Africa Key Series

Government and Public Finance Last Frequency Range
Consolidated Fiscal Balance: % of GDP (%) -4.5 Sep 2024 quarterly Dec 1990 - Sep 2024
Consolidated Fiscal Balance (USD mn) -2,620.729 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 1990 - Oct 2024
Tax Revenue (USD mn) 6,271.439 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 1990 - Oct 2024
Tax Revenue: % of GDP (%) 21.6 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1990 - Sep 2024
National Government Debt (USD mn) 310,853.4 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 1960 - Oct 2024
Government Debt: % of GDP (%) 75.1 Sep 2024 quarterly Dec 1960 - Sep 2024
Forecast: Government Expenditure (ZAR bn) 3,210.549 2029 yearly 2000 - 2029
Forecast: Government Net Debt (ZAR bn) 8,316.118 2029 yearly 2000 - 2029
Forecast: Government Revenue (ZAR bn) 2,703.075 2029 yearly 2000 - 2029
National Govt Expenditure (ZAR mn) 158,537.000 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 1990 - Oct 2024
National Govt Balance (ZAR mn) -46,085.000 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 1990 - Oct 2024
National Govt Revenue (ZAR mn) 112,452.000 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 1990 - Oct 2024
Foreign Trade Last Frequency Range
Forecast: Exports of Goods Growth (%) 3.612 2028 yearly 1980 - 2028
Trade Balance (USD mn) 832.2 Oct 2024 monthly Oct 2004 - Oct 2024
Total Exports (USD mn) 10,213.6 Oct 2024 monthly Oct 2004 - Oct 2024
Total Exports Growth (%) 5.6 Oct 2024 monthly Oct 2005 - Oct 2024
Aluminum: Exports (USD th) 2,085,195.221 2023 yearly 1995 - 2023
Exports: Medicament (USD th) 360,954.969 2023 yearly 1995 - 2023
Exports: Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Product (USD th) 127,325.046 2023 yearly 1995 - 2023
Total Imports (USD mn) 9,381.4 Oct 2024 monthly Oct 2004 - Oct 2024
Total Imports Growth (%) -9.9 Oct 2024 monthly Oct 2005 - Oct 2024
Imports: Medicament (USD th) 1,817,229.560 2023 yearly 1995 - 2023
Imports: Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Product (USD th) 696,045.515 2023 yearly 1995 - 2023
Total Exports to USA (USD mn) 717.973 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 1998 - Oct 2024
Total Imports from USA (USD mn) 582.992 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 1998 - Oct 2024
Total Exports to China (USD mn) 857.332 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 1998 - Oct 2024
Total Imports from China (USD mn) 2,166.622 Oct 2024 monthly Sep 1999 - Oct 2024
Exports: Chemical Products (ZAR mn) 10,608.900 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2010 - Oct 2024
Exports: Machinery and Mechanical Appliances (ZAR mn) 14,110.400 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2010 - Oct 2024
Exports: Mineral Products (ZAR mn) 41,099.200 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2010 - Oct 2024
Exports: Base Metals (ZAR mn) 16,116.100 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2010 - Oct 2024
Exports: Natural Pearls and Precious Metal (ZAR mn) 39,593.000 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2010 - Oct 2024
Exports: China (ZAR) 15,076,011,808.000 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2009 - Oct 2024
Exports: Japan (ZAR) 8,303,524,065.000 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2009 - Oct 2024
Exports: United Kingdom (ZAR) 5,690,828,835.000 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2009 - Oct 2024
Exports: Germany (ZAR) 11,293,666,899.000 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2009 - Oct 2024
Exports: United States (ZAR) 12,625,410,262.000 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2009 - Oct 2024
Exports (ZAR mn) 179,603.300 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2010 - Oct 2024
Imports: Mineral Products (ZAR mn) 27,484.200 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2010 - Oct 2024
Imports: Vehicles (ZAR mn) 16,516.800 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2010 - Oct 2024
Imports: Machinery and Mechanical Appliances (ZAR mn) 36,187.600 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2010 - Oct 2024
Imports: Chemical Products (ZAR mn) 17,927.200 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2010 - Oct 2024
Imports: Textiles (ZAR mn) 6,997.200 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2010 - Oct 2024
Imports: China (ZAR) 38,099,611,424.000 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2009 - Oct 2024
Imports: Japan (ZAR) 3,768,645,250.000 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2009 - Oct 2024
Imports: United States (ZAR) 10,251,795,243.000 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2009 - Oct 2024
Imports: Germany (ZAR) 10,661,776,909.000 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2009 - Oct 2024
Imports: United Kingdom (ZAR) 2,999,180,357.000 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2009 - Oct 2024
Imports (ZAR mn) 164,969.900 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2010 - Oct 2024
Export Value Index (2015=100) 152.554 2021 yearly 1980 - 2021
Import Value Index (2015=100) 108.922 2021 yearly 1980 - 2021
Balance of Payments Last Frequency Range
Direct Investment Abroad (USD mn) -955.2 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1985 - Sep 2024
Current Account Balance (USD mn) -932.5 Mar 2023 quarterly Mar 1960 - Mar 2023
Current Account Balance: % of GDP (%) -1.0 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1960 - Sep 2024
Foreign Direct Investment (USD mn) -180.4 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1985 - Sep 2024
Foreign Direct Investment: % of GDP (%) -0.2 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1985 - Sep 2024
Foreign Portfolio Investment (USD mn) 2,538.594 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1985 - Sep 2024
Foreign Portfolio Investment: % of GDP (%) 2.5 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1985 - Sep 2024
Foreign Portfolio Investment: Equity Securities (USD mn) 231.0 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1985 - Sep 2024
Foreign Portfolio Investment: Debt Securities (USD mn) 2,307.615 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1985 - Sep 2024
External Debt (USD mn) 163,852.0 Jun 2024 quarterly Dec 1985 - Jun 2024
External Debt: % of GDP (%) 41.5 2023 yearly 1985 - 2023
External Debt: Short Term (USD mn) 33,647.0 Mar 2024 quarterly Dec 2002 - Mar 2024
External Debt: Short Term: % of GDP (%) 8.4 2023 yearly 1994 - 2023
Forecast: Current Account Balance (USD bn) -10.305 2029 yearly 1980 - 2029
Net International Investment Position (USD mn) 112,572.209 Jun 2024 quarterly Dec 2012 - Jun 2024
BoP: Current Account: Exports: Net Gold (ZAR mn) 34,789.000 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1960 - Sep 2024
BoP: Current Account: Receipts: Services (ZAR mn) 72,748.000 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1960 - Sep 2024
BoP: Current Account: Receipts: Income (ZAR mn) 53,866.000 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1960 - Sep 2024
BoP: Current Account: Exports: Merchandise (ZAR mn) 475,890.000 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1960 - Sep 2024
BoP: Current Account: Less Imports: Merchandise (ZAR mn) 466,372.000 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1960 - Sep 2024
BoP: Current Account: Less Payments: Services (ZAR mn) 93,592.000 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1960 - Sep 2024
BoP: Current Account: Less Payments: Income (ZAR mn) 109,064.000 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1960 - Sep 2024
BoP: Current Account: Current Transfers (ZAR mn) -12,053.000 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1960 - Sep 2024
BoP: Capital Transfers Account (ZAR mn) 63.000 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1960 - Sep 2024
BoP: Financial Account (ZAR mn) 39,054.000 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1985 - Sep 2024
BoP: Financial Account: Direct Investment: Net (ZAR mn) 13,914.000 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1985 - Sep 2024
BoP: Financial Account: Direct Investment: Net: Financial Assets (ZAR mn) 17,153.000 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1985 - Sep 2024
BoP: Financial Account: Portfolio Investment (PI): Net (ZAR mn) 81,061.000 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1985 - Sep 2024
BoP: Financial Account: PI: Net: Liabilities (ZAR mn) 45,589.000 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1985 - Sep 2024
BoP: Financial Account: PI: Net: Assets (ZAR mn) 35,472.000 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1985 - Sep 2024
BoP: Financial Account: Other Investment: Net (ZAR mn) -65,364.000 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1985 - Sep 2024
BoP: Financial Account: Other Investment: Net: Financial Assets (ZAR mn) -132,566.000 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1985 - Sep 2024
BoP: Financial Account: Other Investment: Net: Liabilities (ZAR mn) 67,202.000 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1985 - Sep 2024
BoP: Financial Account: Financial Derivatives: Net (ZAR mn) -7,215.000 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1985 - Sep 2024
BoP: Financial Account: Financial Derivatives: Net: Liabilities (ZAR mn) -43,636.000 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1985 - Sep 2024
BoP: Financial Account: Financial Derivatives: Net: Financial Assets (ZAR mn) 36,421.000 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1985 - Sep 2024
BoP: Financial Account: Reserve Assets (ZAR mn) 16,658.000 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1985 - Sep 2024
BoP: Financial Account: Net Direct Investment: Liabilities (ZAR mn) -8,219.000 Dec 2018 quarterly Mar 1985 - Dec 2018
BoP: Financial Account: PI: Liabilities: Equity & Investment Fund Shares (ZAR mn) -15,687.000 Dec 2018 quarterly Mar 1997 - Dec 2018
BoP: saar: Current Account (CA) (ZAR mn) -70,820.000 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1960 - Sep 2024
BoP: saar: CA: Exports: Merchandise (ZAR mn) 1,819,640.000 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1960 - Sep 2024
BoP: saar: CA: Receipts: Services (ZAR mn) 297,515.000 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1960 - Sep 2024
BoP: saar: CA: Exports: Net Gold (ZAR mn) 139,154.000 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1960 - Sep 2024
BoP: saar: CA: Receipts: Income (ZAR mn) 198,179.000 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1960 - Sep 2024
BoP: saar: CA: Less Imports: Merchandise (ZAR mn) 1,781,831.000 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1960 - Sep 2024
BoP: saar: CA: Less Payments: Services (ZAR mn) 368,795.000 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1960 - Sep 2024
BoP: saar: CA: Less Payments: Income (ZAR mn) 326,813.000 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1960 - Sep 2024
BoP: saar: CA: Current Transfers (ZAR mn) -47,870.000 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1960 - Sep 2024
Foreign Investment: Direct (ZAR mn) 1,925,533.000 2017 yearly 1956 - 2017
Monetary Last Frequency Range
Non Performing Loans Ratio (%) 5.3 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2008 - Oct 2024
Household Debt: % of GDP (%) 40.7 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1969 - Sep 2024
Non-Performing Loans (USD mn) 17,103.041 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2008 - Oct 2024
Money Supply M1 (USD mn) 157,992.871 Oct 2024 monthly Mar 1965 - Oct 2024
Money Supply M2 (USD mn) 248,089.901 Oct 2024 monthly Mar 1965 - Oct 2024
M2 Growth (%) 7.1 Oct 2024 monthly Mar 1966 - Oct 2024
Reserve Requirement Ratio (%) 2.5 Nov 2024 monthly Feb 1994 - Nov 2024
Foreign Exchange Reserves (USD mn) 45,040.0 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2001 - Oct 2024
Foreign Exchange Reserves: % of GDP (%) 11.762 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 2001 - Sep 2024
Foreign Exchange Reserves: Months of Import (NA) 4.8 Oct 2024 monthly Oct 2004 - Oct 2024
Gold Reserves (USD mn) 11,203.000 Oct 2024 monthly Dec 1956 - Oct 2024
Total Deposits (USD mn) 352,613.690 Sep 2024 monthly Dec 1986 - Sep 2024
Total Deposits Growth (%) 7.3 Sep 2024 monthly Dec 1987 - Sep 2024
Domestic Credit (USD mn) 319,457.1 Oct 2024 monthly Mar 1965 - Oct 2024
Domestic Credit Growth (%) 6.8 Oct 2024 monthly Mar 1966 - Oct 2024
Debt Service Ratio: Private Non-Financial Sector (%) 7.900 Dec 2023 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2023
Credit to Households (USD bn) 129.371 Dec 2023 quarterly Mar 2008 - Dec 2023
Credit to Private Non-Financial Sector (USD bn) 248.834 Dec 2023 quarterly Mar 1965 - Dec 2023
Household Debt (USD mn) 171,195.1 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1969 - Sep 2024
Total Loans (USD mn) 318,755.086 Aug 2024 monthly Jan 2008 - Aug 2024
Total Loans Growth (%) 5.57 Aug 2024 monthly Jan 2009 - Aug 2024
Private Debt: % of Nominal GDP (%) 66.59 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1965 - Sep 2024
Money Supply M3 (ZAR mn) 5,375,942.000 Oct 2024 monthly Mar 1965 - Oct 2024
Monetary Base (ZAR mn) 497,661.000 Oct 2024 monthly Mar 1965 - Oct 2024
Money Supply M3: sa (ZAR mn) 5,383,693.000 Oct 2024 monthly Mar 1965 - Oct 2024
Money Supply M3: M2 (ZAR mn) 4,384,989.000 Oct 2024 monthly Mar 1965 - Oct 2024
Money Supply M3: M2: M1 (ZAR mn) 2,792,524.000 Oct 2024 monthly Mar 1965 - Oct 2024
Official Reserve Assets (USD mn) 63,028.000 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2001 - Oct 2024
Official Reserve Assets: Gold (USD mn) 5,335.000 Jan 2019 monthly Jan 2001 - Jan 2019
Gold & Other Foreign Reserves: Memorandum Items: Gross (USD mn) 50,582.00 Jun 2018 monthly Jan 1981 - Jun 2018
Business and Economic Survey Last Frequency Range
Business Confidence Growth (% Point) 0.4 Nov 2024 monthly Sep 2000 - Nov 2024
Business Confidence Index: Quarterly: Manufacturers (%) 36.000 Dec 2024 quarterly Mar 1975 - Dec 2024
Business Confidence Index (2020=100) 110.200 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2015 - Sep 2024
Composite Leading Index: sa: 2015=100: Domestic (2015=100) 105.88 Apr 2018 monthly Jan 1960 - Apr 2018
Composite Coincident Index: sa: 2015=100: Domestic (2015=100) 102.50 Mar 2018 monthly Jan 1960 - Mar 2018
Composite Lagging Index: sa: 2015=100: Domestic (2015=100) 94.64 Mar 2018 monthly Jan 1960 - Mar 2018
Building & Construction Survey: Composite Confidence (%) 24.500 Mar 2019 quarterly Jun 1986 - Mar 2019
ZA: Ease of Doing Business Rank: 1=Most Business-friendly Regulations (NA) 84.000 2019 yearly 2019 - 2019

More Indicators for South Africa

Request a demo of CEIC

CEIC’s economic databases cover over 200 global markets. Our Platform offers the most reliable macroeconomic data and advanced analytical tools.

Request a demo
Please note, product demos are not available for students. Please click here to find out more about the version of CEIC available for student users.
Unlimited access tailored to your data needs
Flexible monthly access to CEIC data