Spain ES: Purchasing Power Parity: National Currency per USD

Spain ES: Purchasing Power Parity: National Currency per USD data was reported at 0.573 USD/EUR in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.579 USD/EUR for 2022. Spain ES: Purchasing Power Parity: National Currency per USD data is updated yearly, averaging 0.667 USD/EUR from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2023, with 43 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.770 USD/EUR in 2005 and a record low of 0.390 USD/EUR in 1981. Spain ES: Purchasing Power Parity: National Currency per USD data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.OECD.MSTI: Exchange Rate: OECD Member: Annual.

For Spain, beginning in 2008, the R&D questionnaire includes a specific category for on-site consultants undertaking R&D projects in the enterprise; as well as a specific category within the breakdown of current costs.

Since 2004, loans for R&D that are returnable are not included in GBARD, in order to ensure international comparability.

From 2002, R&D expenditure and personnel data for the business enterprise sector include both occasional and regular R&D.

Prior to 1989 R&D personnel data for the Higher Education sector only include researchers. In consequence, total R&D personnel may be underestimated in these years by between 10 and 15 %.

In 1992 there was an upward re-estimation of General University Funds causing a break in series in the financing of HERD and GERD. In 1995, the sources of funds for R&D in the Higher Education sector were reviewed; own funds are now separated from the General University Funds, where they were previously included.

In 1997, the defence objective in GBARD almost doubled in magnitude due to an exceptional contribution by the Ministry for Industry and Energy. The incorporation in 1997 of the Spanish contribution to CERN has involved substantial changes in the “Energy” category.

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