Turkmenistan Land Use, Protected Areas and National Wealth
Turkmenistan TM: Agricultural Land
TM: Agricultural Land data was reported at 338,380.000 sq km in 2015. This stayed constant from the previous number of 338,380.000 sq km for 2014. TM: Agricultural Land data is updated yearly, averaging 351,200.000 sq km from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2015, with 24 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 355,400.000 sq km in 1999 and a record low of 338,380.000 sq km in 2015. TM: Agricultural Land data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkmenistan – Table TM.World Bank.WDI: Land Use, Protected Areas and National Wealth. Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable, under permanent crops, and under permanent pastures. Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded. Land under permanent crops is land cultivated with crops that occupy the land for long periods and need not be replanted after each harvest, such as cocoa, coffee, and rubber. This category includes land under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees, and vines, but excludes land under trees grown for wood or timber. Permanent pasture is land used for five or more years for forage, including natural and cultivated crops.; ; Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site.; Sum;
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 338,380.00 2015 | yearly | 1992 - 2015 |
View Turkmenistan's Turkmenistan TM: Agricultural Land from 1992 to 2015 in the chart:
Turkmenistan TM: Agricultural Land: % of Land Area
TM: Agricultural Land: % of Land Area data was reported at 72.006 % in 2015. This stayed constant from the previous number of 72.006 % for 2014. TM: Agricultural Land: % of Land Area data is updated yearly, averaging 74.735 % from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2015, with 24 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 75.628 % in 1999 and a record low of 72.006 % in 2015. TM: Agricultural Land: % of Land Area data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkmenistan – Table TM.World Bank.WDI: Land Use, Protected Areas and National Wealth. Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable, under permanent crops, and under permanent pastures. Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded. Land under permanent crops is land cultivated with crops that occupy the land for long periods and need not be replanted after each harvest, such as cocoa, coffee, and rubber. This category includes land under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees, and vines, but excludes land under trees grown for wood or timber. Permanent pasture is land used for five or more years for forage, including natural and cultivated crops.; ; Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site.; Weighted average;
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 72.01 2015 | yearly | 1992 - 2015 |
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Turkmenistan TM: Arable Land
TM: Arable Land data was reported at 1,940,000.000 ha in 2015. This stayed constant from the previous number of 1,940,000.000 ha for 2014. TM: Arable Land data is updated yearly, averaging 1,940,000.000 ha from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2015, with 24 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,040,000.000 ha in 2007 and a record low of 1,487,000.000 ha in 1992. TM: Arable Land data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkmenistan – Table TM.World Bank.WDI: Land Use, Protected Areas and National Wealth. Arable land (in hectares) includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded.; ; Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site.; ;
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 1,940,000.00 2015 | yearly | 1992 - 2015 |
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Turkmenistan TM: Arable Land: % of Land Area
TM: Arable Land: % of Land Area data was reported at 4.128 % in 2015. This stayed constant from the previous number of 4.128 % for 2014. TM: Arable Land: % of Land Area data is updated yearly, averaging 4.128 % from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2015, with 24 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.341 % in 2007 and a record low of 3.164 % in 1992. TM: Arable Land: % of Land Area data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkmenistan – Table TM.World Bank.WDI: Land Use, Protected Areas and National Wealth. Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded.; ; Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site.; Weighted average;
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 4.13 2015 | yearly | 1992 - 2015 |
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Turkmenistan TM: Arable Land: Hectares per Person
TM: Arable Land: Hectares per Person data was reported at 0.349 ha in 2015. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.355 ha for 2014. TM: Arable Land: Hectares per Person data is updated yearly, averaging 0.405 ha from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2015, with 24 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.447 ha in 2001 and a record low of 0.349 ha in 2015. TM: Arable Land: Hectares per Person data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkmenistan – Table TM.World Bank.WDI: Land Use, Protected Areas and National Wealth. Arable land (hectares per person) includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded.; ; Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site.; Weighted average;
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 0.35 2015 | yearly | 1992 - 2015 |
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Turkmenistan TM: Average Precipitation in Depth
TM: Average Precipitation in Depth data was reported at 161.000 mm/Year in 2014. This stayed constant from the previous number of 161.000 mm/Year for 2012. TM: Average Precipitation in Depth data is updated yearly, averaging 161.000 mm/Year from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2014, with 6 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 161.000 mm/Year in 2014 and a record low of 161.000 mm/Year in 2014. TM: Average Precipitation in Depth data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkmenistan – Table TM.World Bank.WDI: Land Use, Protected Areas and National Wealth. Average precipitation is the long-term average in depth (over space and time) of annual precipitation in the country. Precipitation is defined as any kind of water that falls from clouds as a liquid or a solid.; ; Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site.; ;
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 161.00 2014 | yearly | 1992 - 2014 |
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Turkmenistan TM: Bird Species: Threatened
TM: Bird Species: Threatened data was reported at 19.000 Unit in 2017. TM: Bird Species: Threatened data is updated yearly, averaging 19.000 Unit from Dec 2017 (Median) to 2017, with 1 observations. TM: Bird Species: Threatened data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkmenistan – Table TM.World Bank.WDI: Land Use, Protected Areas and National Wealth. Birds are listed for countries included within their breeding or wintering ranges. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known.; ; United Nations Environmental Program and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, and International Union for Conservation of Nature, Red List of Threatened Species.; Sum;
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 19.00 2017 | yearly | 2017 - 2017 |
View Turkmenistan's Turkmenistan TM: Bird Species: Threatened from 2017 to 2017 in the chart:
Turkmenistan TM: Droughts, Floods, Extreme Temperatures: Average 1990-2009: % of Population
TM: Droughts, Floods, Extreme Temperatures: Average 1990-2009: % of Population data was reported at 0.000 % in 2009. TM: Droughts, Floods, Extreme Temperatures: Average 1990-2009: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 0.000 % from Dec 2009 (Median) to 2009, with 1 observations. TM: Droughts, Floods, Extreme Temperatures: Average 1990-2009: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkmenistan – Table TM.World Bank.WDI: Land Use, Protected Areas and National Wealth. Droughts, floods and extreme temperatures is the annual average percentage of the population that is affected by natural disasters classified as either droughts, floods, or extreme temperature events. A drought is an extended period of time characterized by a deficiency in a region's water supply that is the result of constantly below average precipitation. A drought can lead to losses to agriculture, affect inland navigation and hydropower plants, and cause a lack of drinking water and famine. A flood is a significant rise of water level in a stream, lake, reservoir or coastal region. Extreme temperature events are either cold waves or heat waves. A cold wave can be both a prolonged period of excessively cold weather and the sudden invasion of very cold air over a large area. Along with frost it can cause damage to agriculture, infrastructure, and property. A heat wave is a prolonged period of excessively hot and sometimes also humid weather relative to normal climate patterns of a certain region. Population affected is the number of people injured, left homeless or requiring immediate assistance during a period of emergency resulting from a natural disaster; it can also include displaced or evacuated people. Average percentage of population affected is calculated by dividing the sum of total affected for the period stated by the sum of the annual population figures for the period stated.; ; EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database: www.emdat.be, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels (Belgium), World Bank.; ;
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 0.00 2009 | yearly | 2009 - 2009 |
View Turkmenistan's Turkmenistan TM: Droughts, Floods, Extreme Temperatures: Average 1990-2009: % of Population from 2009 to 2009 in the chart:
Turkmenistan TM: Fish Species: Threatened
TM: Fish Species: Threatened data was reported at 11.000 Unit in 2017. TM: Fish Species: Threatened data is updated yearly, averaging 11.000 Unit from Dec 2017 (Median) to 2017, with 1 observations. TM: Fish Species: Threatened data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkmenistan – Table TM.World Bank.WDI: Land Use, Protected Areas and National Wealth. Fish species are based on Froese, R. and Pauly, D. (eds). 2008. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known.; ; Froese, R. and Pauly, D. (eds). 2008. FishBase database, www.fishbase.org.; Sum;
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 11.00 2017 | yearly | 2017 - 2017 |
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Turkmenistan TM: Forest Area
TM: Forest Area data was reported at 41,270.000 sq km in 2015. This stayed constant from the previous number of 41,270.000 sq km for 2014. TM: Forest Area data is updated yearly, averaging 41,270.000 sq km from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2015, with 26 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 41,270.000 sq km in 2015 and a record low of 41,270.000 sq km in 2015. TM: Forest Area data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkmenistan – Table TM.World Bank.WDI: Land Use, Protected Areas and National Wealth. Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters in situ, whether productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems (for example, in fruit plantations and agroforestry systems) and trees in urban parks and gardens.; ; Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site.; Sum;
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 41,270.00 2015 | yearly | 1990 - 2015 |
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Turkmenistan TM: Forest Area: % of Land Area
TM: Forest Area: % of Land Area data was reported at 8.782 % in 2015. This stayed constant from the previous number of 8.782 % for 2014. TM: Forest Area: % of Land Area data is updated yearly, averaging 8.782 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2015, with 26 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8.782 % in 2015 and a record low of 8.782 % in 2015. TM: Forest Area: % of Land Area data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkmenistan – Table TM.World Bank: Land Use, Protected Areas and National Wealth. Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters in situ, whether productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems (for example, in fruit plantations and agroforestry systems) and trees in urban parks and gardens.; ; Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site.; Weighted average;
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 8.78 2015 | yearly | 1990 - 2015 |
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Turkmenistan TM: Land Area
TM: Land Area data was reported at 469,930.000 sq km in 2017. This stayed constant from the previous number of 469,930.000 sq km for 2016. TM: Land Area data is updated yearly, averaging 469,930.000 sq km from Dec 1961 (Median) to 2017, with 57 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 469,930.000 sq km in 2017 and a record low of 469,930.000 sq km in 2017. TM: Land Area data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkmenistan – Table TM.World Bank: Land Use, Protected Areas and National Wealth. Land area is a country's total area, excluding area under inland water bodies, national claims to continental shelf, and exclusive economic zones. In most cases the definition of inland water bodies includes major rivers and lakes.; ; Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site.; Sum;
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 469,930.00 2017 | yearly | 1961 - 2017 |
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Turkmenistan TM: Mammal Species: Threatened
TM: Mammal Species: Threatened data was reported at 10.000 Unit in 2017. TM: Mammal Species: Threatened data is updated yearly, averaging 10.000 Unit from Dec 2017 (Median) to 2017, with 1 observations. TM: Mammal Species: Threatened data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkmenistan – Table TM.World Bank: Land Use, Protected Areas and National Wealth. Mammal species are mammals excluding whales and porpoises. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known.; ; United Nations Environmental Program and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, and International Union for Conservation of Nature, Red List of Threatened Species.; Sum;
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 10.00 2017 | yearly | 2017 - 2017 |
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Turkmenistan TM: Mineral Rents: % of GDP
TM: Mineral Rents: % of GDP data was reported at 0.000 % in 2016. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 % for 2015. TM: Mineral Rents: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 0.000 % from Dec 1987 (Median) to 2016, with 30 observations. TM: Mineral Rents: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkmenistan – Table TM.World Bank: Land Use, Protected Areas and National Wealth. Mineral rents are the difference between the value of production for a stock of minerals at world prices and their total costs of production. Minerals included in the calculation are tin, gold, lead, zinc, iron, copper, nickel, silver, bauxite, and phosphate.; ; World Bank staff estimates based on sources and methods described in 'The Changing Wealth of Nations 2018: Building a Sustainable Future' (Lange et al 2018).; Weighted Average;
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 0.00 2016 | yearly | 1987 - 2016 |
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Turkmenistan TM: Natural Gas Rents: % of GDP
TM: Natural Gas Rents: % of GDP data was reported at 11.185 % in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 15.026 % for 2015. TM: Natural Gas Rents: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 31.933 % from Dec 1987 (Median) to 2016, with 28 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 81.210 % in 1987 and a record low of 5.997 % in 1998. TM: Natural Gas Rents: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkmenistan – Table TM.World Bank: Land Use, Protected Areas and National Wealth. Natural gas rents are the difference between the value of natural gas production at regional prices and total costs of production.; ; World Bank staff estimates based on sources and methods described in 'The Changing Wealth of Nations 2018: Building a Sustainable Future' (Lange et al 2018).; Weighted Average;
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 11.19 2016 | yearly | 1987 - 2016 |
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Turkmenistan TM: Oil Rents: % of GDP
TM: Oil Rents: % of GDP data was reported at 5.519 % in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 5.046 % for 2015. TM: Oil Rents: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 12.104 % from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2016, with 25 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 28.376 % in 2000 and a record low of 2.548 % in 1998. TM: Oil Rents: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkmenistan – Table TM.World Bank: Land Use, Protected Areas and National Wealth. Oil rents are the difference between the value of crude oil production at regional prices and total costs of production.; ; World Bank staff estimates based on sources and methods described in 'The Changing Wealth of Nations 2018: Building a Sustainable Future' (Lange et al 2018).; Weighted Average;
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 5.52 2016 | yearly | 1992 - 2016 |
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Turkmenistan TM: Permanent Cropland: % of Land Area
TM: Permanent Cropland: % of Land Area data was reported at 0.128 % in 2015. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.128 % for 2014. TM: Permanent Cropland: % of Land Area data is updated yearly, averaging 0.128 % from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2015, with 24 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.136 % in 1993 and a record low of 0.128 % in 2015. TM: Permanent Cropland: % of Land Area data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkmenistan – Table TM.World Bank: Land Use, Protected Areas and National Wealth. Permanent cropland is land cultivated with crops that occupy the land for long periods and need not be replanted after each harvest, such as cocoa, coffee, and rubber. This category includes land under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees, and vines, but excludes land under trees grown for wood or timber.; ; Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site.; Weighted average;
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 0.13 2015 | yearly | 1992 - 2015 |
View Turkmenistan's Turkmenistan TM: Permanent Cropland: % of Land Area from 1992 to 2015 in the chart:
Turkmenistan TM: Plant Species: Higher: Threatened
TM: Plant Species: Higher: Threatened data was reported at 4.000 Unit in 2017. TM: Plant Species: Higher: Threatened data is updated yearly, averaging 4.000 Unit from Dec 2017 (Median) to 2017, with 1 observations. TM: Plant Species: Higher: Threatened data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkmenistan – Table TM.World Bank: Land Use, Protected Areas and National Wealth. Higher plants are native vascular plant species. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known.; ; United Nations Environmental Program and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, and International Union for Conservation of Nature, Red List of Threatened Species.; Sum;
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 4.00 2017 | yearly | 2017 - 2017 |
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Turkmenistan TM: Surface Area
TM: Surface Area data was reported at 488,100.000 sq km in 2017. This stayed constant from the previous number of 488,100.000 sq km for 2016. TM: Surface Area data is updated yearly, averaging 488,100.000 sq km from Dec 1961 (Median) to 2017, with 57 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 488,100.000 sq km in 2017 and a record low of 488,100.000 sq km in 2017. TM: Surface Area data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkmenistan – Table TM.World Bank: Land Use, Protected Areas and National Wealth. Surface area is a country's total area, including areas under inland bodies of water and some coastal waterways.; ; Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site.; Sum;
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 488,100.00 2017 | yearly | 1961 - 2017 |
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Turkmenistan TM: Terrestrial & Marine Protected Areas: % of Total Territorial Area
TM: Terrestrial & Marine Protected Areas: % of Total Territorial Area data was reported at 3.212 % in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 3.150 % for 2014. TM: Terrestrial & Marine Protected Areas: % of Total Territorial Area data is updated yearly, averaging 3.070 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2016, with 4 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.212 % in 2016 and a record low of 2.990 % in 2000. TM: Terrestrial & Marine Protected Areas: % of Total Territorial Area data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkmenistan – Table TM.World Bank: Land Use, Protected Areas and National Wealth. Terrestrial protected areas are totally or partially protected areas of at least 1,000 hectares that are designated by national authorities as scientific reserves with limited public access, national parks, natural monuments, nature reserves or wildlife sanctuaries, protected landscapes, and areas managed mainly for sustainable use. Marine protected areas are areas of intertidal or subtidal terrain--and overlying water and associated flora and fauna and historical and cultural features--that have been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed environment. Sites protected under local or provincial law are excluded.; ; United Nations Environmental Program and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, as compiled by the World Resources Institute, based on data from national authorities, national legislation and international agreements.; Weighted Average;
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 3.21 2016 | yearly | 1990 - 2016 |
View Turkmenistan's Turkmenistan TM: Terrestrial & Marine Protected Areas: % of Total Territorial Area from 1990 to 2016 in the chart:
Turkmenistan TM: Terrestrial Protected Areas: % of Total Land Area
TM: Terrestrial Protected Areas: % of Total Land Area data was reported at 3.250 % in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 3.150 % for 2014. TM: Terrestrial Protected Areas: % of Total Land Area data is updated yearly, averaging 3.070 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2016, with 4 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.250 % in 2016 and a record low of 2.990 % in 2000. TM: Terrestrial Protected Areas: % of Total Land Area data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkmenistan – Table TM.World Bank: Land Use, Protected Areas and National Wealth. Terrestrial protected areas are totally or partially protected areas of at least 1,000 hectares that are designated by national authorities as scientific reserves with limited public access, national parks, natural monuments, nature reserves or wildlife sanctuaries, protected landscapes, and areas managed mainly for sustainable use. Marine areas, unclassified areas, littoral (intertidal) areas, and sites protected under local or provincial law are excluded.; ; United Nations Environmental Program and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, as compiled by the World Resources Institute, based on data from national authorities, national legislation and international agreements.; Weighted average;
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 3.25 2016 | yearly | 1990 - 2016 |
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Turkmenistan TM: Total Natural Resources Rents: % of GDP
TM: Total Natural Resources Rents: % of GDP data was reported at 16.705 % in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 20.072 % for 2015. TM: Total Natural Resources Rents: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 44.073 % from Dec 1987 (Median) to 2016, with 28 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 82.530 % in 2001 and a record low of 8.545 % in 1998. TM: Total Natural Resources Rents: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Turkmenistan – Table TM.World Bank: Land Use, Protected Areas and National Wealth. Total natural resources rents are the sum of oil rents, natural gas rents, coal rents (hard and soft), mineral rents, and forest rents.; ; World Bank staff estimates based on sources and methods described in 'The Changing Wealth of Nations 2018: Building a Sustainable Future' (Lange et al 2018).; Weighted Average;
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 16.70 2016 | yearly | 1987 - 2016 |