Swiss Total Perdagangan Barang & Jasa:% dari PDB Nominal
1980 - 2024 | Triwulanan | % | CEIC Data
Total Perdagangan Barang & Jasa:% dari PDB Nominal Swiss dilaporkan sebesar 126.111 % pada 2024-09. Rekor ini turun dibanding sebelumnya yaitu 133.191 % untuk 2024-06. Data Total Perdagangan Barang & Jasa:% dari PDB Nominal Swiss diperbarui triwulanan, dengan rata-rata 95.786 % dari 1980-03 sampai 2024-09, dengan 179 observasi. Data ini mencapai angka tertinggi sebesar 146.749 % pada 2013-06 dan rekor terendah sebesar 73.648 % pada 1994-09. Data Total Perdagangan Barang & Jasa:% dari PDB Nominal Swiss tetap berstatus aktif di CEIC dan dilaporkan oleh CEIC Data. Data dikategorikan dalam Global Economic Monitor World Trend Plus – Table: Total Trade of Goods & Services: % of Nominal GDP: Quarterly.
Lihat Total Perdagangan Barang & Jasa:% dari PDB Nominal Swiss dari 1980-03 sampai 2024-09 pada grafik:
Berapa Total Perdagangan Barang & Jasa:% dari PDB Nominal Swiss pada 2024-09?
| Terakhir | Sebelumnya | Min | Max | Satuan | Frekuensi | Jarak |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 126.111 2024-09 | 133.191 2024-06 | 73.648 1994-09 | 146.749 2013-06 | % | Triwulanan | 1980-03 - 2024-09 |
Total Perdagangan Barang & Jasa:% dari PDB Nominal by Country Comparison
| Negara / Daerah | Terakhir | Frekuensi | Jarak |
|---|---|---|---|
| Albania (%) | 75.855 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 2008 - Jun 2024 |
| Aljazair (%) | 46.195 2023 | Tahunan | 1950 - 2023 |
| Argentina (%) | 27.984 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1993 - Sep 2024 |
| Armenia (%) | 122.798 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Dec 1994 - Sep 2024 |
| Australia (%) | 46.221 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Sep 1959 - Sep 2024 |
| Austria (%) | 112.450 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1964 - Sep 2024 |
| Azerbaijan (%) | 79.056 Mar 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 2001 - Mar 2024 |
| Bahrain (%) | 166.346 2022 | Tahunan | 1975 - 2022 |
| Bangladesh (%) | 28.888 2024 | Tahunan | 1960 - 2024 |
| Belarus (%) | 133.539 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1995 - Jun 2024 |
| Belgia (%) | 156.631 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1980 - Jun 2024 |
| Bolivia (%) | 48.213 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1990 - Jun 2024 |
| Bosnia Dan Herzegovina (%) | 89.713 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 2008 - Jun 2024 |
| Botswana (%) | 68.508 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1994 - Jun 2024 |
| Brazil (%) | 37.844 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1996 - Sep 2024 |
| Brunei (%) | 136.661 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 2004 - Jun 2024 |
| Bulgaria (%) | 108.071 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1995 - Sep 2024 |
| Kamboja (%) | 145.874 2022 | Tahunan | 1988 - 2022 |
| Kanada (%) | 62.349 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1961 - Sep 2024 |
| Chili (%) | 65.558 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1990 - Sep 2024 |
| Tiongkok (%) | 38.986 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1998 - Sep 2024 |
| Kolumbia (%) | 37.049 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 2005 - Sep 2024 |
| Kroasia (%) | 110.838 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1995 - Sep 2024 |
| Siprus (%) | 180.045 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1995 - Sep 2024 |
| Republik Cheko (%) | 126.625 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1995 - Sep 2024 |
| Denmark (%) | 130.356 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1977 - Sep 2024 |
| Ekuador (%) | 57.813 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1991 - Jun 2024 |
| Mesir (%) | 52.182 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Sep 2001 - Jun 2024 |
| Estonia (%) | 146.856 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1995 - Sep 2024 |
| Uni Eropa (%) | 96.640 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1995 - Sep 2024 |
| Finlandia (%) | 82.049 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1970 - Sep 2024 |
| Prancis (%) | 67.009 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1975 - Sep 2024 |
| Georgia (%) | 104.752 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1996 - Jun 2024 |
| Jerman (%) | 81.411 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1991 - Jun 2024 |
| Ghana (%) | 69.037 2023 | Tahunan | 1983 - 2023 |
| Yunani (%) | 92.149 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1995 - Sep 2024 |
| Hong Kong SAR, China (%) | 358.634 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1973 - Sep 2024 |
| Hongaria (%) | 142.128 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1995 - Sep 2024 |
| Islandia (%) | 88.281 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1995 - Sep 2024 |
| India (%) | 46.293 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Jun 1996 - Sep 2024 |
| Indonesia (%) | 43.294 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1993 - Sep 2024 |
| Iran (%) | 51.598 2022 | Tahunan | 1959 - 2022 |
| Irlandia (%) | 240.191 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1995 - Sep 2024 |
| Israel (%) | 54.129 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1995 - Sep 2024 |
| Italia (%) | 62.600 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1980 - Sep 2024 |
| Pantai Gading (%) | 47.669 2023 | Tahunan | 1960 - 2023 |
| Jepang (%) | 47.564 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1955 - Sep 2024 |
| Yordania (%) | 80.489 2021 | Tahunan | 1967 - 2021 |
| Kazakhstan (%) | 43.521 Dec 2023 | Triwulanan | Mar 1994 - Dec 2023 |
| Kenya (%) | 32.092 2023 | Tahunan | 1964 - 2023 |
| Korea Selatan (%) | 85.433 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1960 - Sep 2024 |
| Kosovo (%) | 133.643 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 2010 - Sep 2024 |
| Kuwait (%) | 90.702 2022 | Tahunan | 1962 - 2022 |
| Kirgistan (%) | 98.747 Sep 2016 | Triwulanan | Mar 2000 - Sep 2016 |
| Laos (%) | 75.092 2016 | Tahunan | 1984 - 2016 |
| Latvia (%) | 134.597 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1992 - Sep 2024 |
| Lebanon (%) | 87.417 2020 | Tahunan | 1990 - 2020 |
| Lithuania (%) | 133.144 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1995 - Sep 2024 |
| Luksemburg (%) | 399.556 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1995 - Sep 2024 |
| Macau SAR (%) | 130.716 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1998 - Sep 2024 |
| Makedonia (%) | 152.070 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 2000 - Jun 2024 |
| Malawi (%) | 46.122 2019 | Tahunan | 1960 - 2019 |
| Malaysia (%) | 139.674 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1991 - Sep 2024 |
| Malta (%) | 228.195 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1992 - Sep 2024 |
| Mauritius (%) | 106.580 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1999 - Jun 2024 |
| Meksiko (%) | 77.140 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1993 - Sep 2024 |
| Moldova (%) | 82.450 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1995 - Sep 2024 |
| Mongolia (%) | 149.099 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 2005 - Sep 2024 |
| Montenegro (%) | 111.092 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 2010 - Jun 2024 |
| Maroko (%) | 97.106 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 2007 - Jun 2024 |
| Mozambik (%) | 105.628 2023 | Tahunan | 1991 - 2022 |
| Myanmar (%) | 49.145 2019 | Tahunan | 2019 - 2019 |
| Nepal (%) | 41.638 2024 | Tahunan | 1969 - 2024 |
| Belanda (%) | 159.175 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1987 - Sep 2024 |
| Selandia Baru (%) | 51.590 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Jun 1987 - Jun 2024 |
| Nigeria (%) | 39.325 Dec 2023 | Triwulanan | Mar 2010 - Dec 2023 |
| Norwegia (%) | 82.034 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1978 - Sep 2024 |
| Oman (%) | 95.667 2021 | Tahunan | 1980 - 2021 |
| Pakistan (%) | 26.922 2024 | Tahunan | 2000 - 2024 |
| Wilayah Palestina (%) | 85.959 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 2011 - Jun 2024 |
| Panama (%) | 89.533 2023 | Tahunan | 1960 - 2023 |
| Paraguay (%) | 82.292 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1994 - Jun 2024 |
| Peru (%) | 53.495 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1980 - Sep 2024 |
| Filipina (%) | 73.650 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1981 - Sep 2024 |
| Polandia (%) | 103.888 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 2002 - Jun 2024 |
| Portugal (%) | 94.073 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1977 - Sep 2024 |
| Qatar (%) | 100.333 Dec 2023 | Triwulanan | Mar 2013 - Dec 2023 |
| Rumania (%) | 72.097 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1995 - Sep 2024 |
| Rusia (%) | 40.094 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1995 - Jun 2024 |
| Arab Saudi (%) | 61.513 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 2003 - Sep 2024 |
| Serbia (%) | 113.106 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1995 - Sep 2024 |
| Singapura (%) | 311.143 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1975 - Sep 2024 |
| Slovakia (%) | 174.223 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1990 - Jun 2024 |
| Slovenia (%) | 154.951 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1995 - Sep 2024 |
| Afrika Selatan (%) | 62.120 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1960 - Sep 2024 |
| Spanyol (%) | 70.718 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1980 - Jun 2024 |
| Sri-Lanka (%) | 42.093 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 2010 - Jun 2024 |
| Sudan (%) | 41.299 2019 | Tahunan | 1996 - 2019 |
| Swedia (%) | 104.962 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1980 - Sep 2024 |
| Swiss (%) | 126.111 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1980 - Sep 2024 |
Data Ekonomi Makro & Mikro yang Akurat dan Dipercaya
Jelajahi rangkaian waktu 6,6 juta terlengkap yang mencakup lebih dari 200 ekonomi, 20 industri, dan 18 sektor makroekonomi.
Pelajari kami lebih lanjutSwiss Seri Kunci
| Keuangan Publik dan Pemerintah | Terakhir | Frekuensi | Jarak |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neraca Keuangan Konsolidasi:% dari PDB (%) | 0.2 2023 | Tahunan | 1990 - 2023 |
| Neraca Fiskal Konsolidasi (USD mn) | 1,765.601 2023 | Tahunan | 1990 - 2023 |
| Penghasilan pajak (USD mn) | 221,465.144 2022 | Tahunan | 1990 - 2022 |
| Pendapatan Pajak:% dari PDB (%) | 26.7 2022 | Tahunan | 1990 - 2022 |
| Utang Pemerintah Pusat (USD mn) | 267,524.5 2022 | Tahunan | 1990 - 2022 |
| Utang Pemerintah:% dari PDB (%) | 23.3 2028 | Tahunan | 1990 - 2028 |
| Prakiraan: Pengeluaran Pemerintah (CHF bn) | 296.896 2029 | Tahunan | 1983 - 2029 |
| Prakiraan: Utang Utang Pemerintah (CHF bn) | 254.346 2029 | Tahunan | 1990 - 2029 |
| Prakiraan: Pendapatan Pemerintah (CHF bn) | 298.445 2029 | Tahunan | 1983 - 2029 |
| Perdagangan Luar Negeri | Terakhir | Frekuensi | Jarak |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prakiraan: Pertumbuhan Ekspor Barang (%) | 4.000 2029 | Tahunan | 1980 - 2029 |
| Neraca Perdagangan (USD mn) | 10,422.9 Oct 2024 | Bulanan | Jan 1957 - Oct 2024 |
| Ekspor (USD mn) | 41,836.2 Oct 2024 | Bulanan | Jan 1988 - Oct 2024 |
| Pertumbuhan Ekspor (%) | 9.1 Oct 2024 | Bulanan | Jan 1989 - Oct 2024 |
| Aluminium: Ekspor (USD th) | 1,842,420.114 2023 | Tahunan | 1995 - 2023 |
| Ekspor: Medicament (USD th) | 46,444,634.628 2023 | Tahunan | 1995 - 2023 |
| Ekspor: Produk Obat dan Farmasi (USD th) | 53,975,805.966 2023 | Tahunan | 1995 - 2023 |
| Impor (USD mn) | 31,413.3 Oct 2024 | Bulanan | Jan 1988 - Oct 2024 |
| Pertumbuhan Impor (%) | -10.3 Oct 2024 | Bulanan | Jan 1989 - Oct 2024 |
| Impor: Medikamen (USD th) | 40,713,750.327 2023 | Tahunan | 1995 - 2023 |
| Impor: Produk Obat dan Farmasi (USD th) | 18,198,632.481 2023 | Tahunan | 1995 - 2023 |
| Total Ekspor ke Amerika Serikat (USD mn) | 6,794.426 Oct 2024 | Bulanan | Jan 1960 - Oct 2024 |
| Total Impor dari USA (USD mn) | 1,773.006 Oct 2024 | Bulanan | Jan 1960 - Oct 2024 |
| Total Ekspor ke China (USD mn) | 1,523.847 Aug 2024 | Bulanan | Jan 1997 - Aug 2024 |
| Total Impor dari China (USD mn) | 1,636.483 Aug 2024 | Bulanan | Jan 1997 - Aug 2024 |
| Neraca Pembayaran | Terakhir | Frekuensi | Jarak |
|---|---|---|---|
| Investasi Langsung di Luar Negeri (USD mn) | 43,811.1 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1985 - Jun 2024 |
| Transaksi Berjalan (USD mn) | 17,338.7 Mar 2023 | Triwulanan | Mar 1983 - Mar 2023 |
| Saldo Rekening Giro:% dari PDB (%) | 9.6 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1983 - Jun 2024 |
| Penanaman Modal Asing (USD mn) | -1,385.2 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1985 - Jun 2024 |
| Investasi Langsung Asing:% dari PDB (%) | 6.6 Mar 2023 | Triwulanan | Mar 1985 - Mar 2023 |
| Investasi Portofolio Asing (USD mn) | -36,491.128 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1985 - Jun 2024 |
| Investasi Portofolio Asing:% dari PDB (%) | -16.0 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1985 - Jun 2024 |
| Investasi Portofolio Asing: Efek Ekuitas (USD mn) | 3,517.1 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1985 - Jun 2024 |
| Investasi Portofolio Asing: Sekuritas Hutang (USD mn) | -40,008.179 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1985 - Jun 2024 |
| Utang Luar Negeri (USD mn) | 2,205,189.1 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Dec 1999 - Jun 2024 |
| Utang Luar Negeri:% dari PDB (%) | 236.4 2023 | Tahunan | 1999 - 2023 |
| Utang Luar Negeri: Jangka Pendek (USD mn) | 1,060,723.1 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Dec 1999 - Jun 2024 |
| Utang Luar Negeri: Jangka Pendek:% dari PDB (%) | 115.5 2023 | Tahunan | 1999 - 2023 |
| Total Hutang:% dari PDB (%) | 934.5 2023 | Tahunan | 1999 - 2023 |
| Prakiraan: Saldo Rekening Giro (USD bn) | 89.007 2029 | Tahunan | 1980 - 2029 |
| Posisi Investasi Internasional Bersih (USD mn) | 994,624.579 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1985 - Jun 2024 |
| Moneter | Terakhir | Frekuensi | Jarak |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ratio Kredit Bermasalah (%) | 0.7 2022 | Tahunan | 2005 - 2022 |
| Hutang Rumah Tangga:% dari PDB (%) | 128.2 2023 | Tahunan | 1999 - 2023 |
| Uang M1 (USD mn) | 749,108.336 May 2023 | Bulanan | Dec 1984 - May 2023 |
| Uang M2 (USD mn) | 1,086,936.864 Oct 2024 | Bulanan | Dec 1984 - Oct 2024 |
| Pertumbuhan M2 (%) | -10.4 Jun 2023 | Bulanan | Dec 1985 - Jun 2023 |
| Cadangan Devisa (USD mn) | 831,453.7 Oct 2024 | Bulanan | Jun 1999 - Oct 2024 |
| Cadangan Devisa:% dari PDB (%) | 91.320 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 2006 - Sep 2024 |
| Cadangan Devisa: Bulan Impor (NA) | 26.6 Oct 2024 | Bulanan | Jun 1999 - Oct 2024 |
| Cadangan Emas (USD mn) | 91,545.947 Oct 2024 | Bulanan | Jun 1999 - Oct 2024 |
| Jumlah Simpanan (USD mn) | 2,234,813.523 Sep 2024 | Bulanan | Dec 1987 - Sep 2024 |
| Pertumbuhan Total Deposito (%) | 2.1 Sep 2024 | Bulanan | Dec 1988 - Sep 2024 |
| Utang Domestik (USD mn) | 1,625,348.1 Oct 2024 | Bulanan | Dec 1987 - Oct 2024 |
| Pertumbuhan Utang domestik (%) | 2.3 Oct 2024 | Bulanan | Dec 1988 - Oct 2024 |
| Rasio Layanan Utang: Sektor Non Keuangan Swasta (%) | 21.200 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Mar 1999 - Jun 2024 |
| Kredit ke Rumah Tangga (USD bn) | 1,137.390 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Dec 1999 - Jun 2024 |
| Kredit ke Sektor Non Keuangan Swasta (USD bn) | 2,425.497 Jun 2024 | Triwulanan | Sep 1953 - Jun 2024 |
| Utang Rumah Tangga (USD mn) | 1,225,829.9 2023 | Tahunan | 1999 - 2023 |
| Total Pinjaman (USD mn) | 1,837,755.803 Sep 2024 | Bulanan | Jun 1985 - Sep 2024 |
| Pertumbuhan Total Pinjaman (%) | 0.00 Sep 2024 | Bulanan | Jun 1986 - Sep 2024 |
| Hutang Pribadi:% dari PDB Nominal (%) | 165.18 Sep 2024 | Triwulanan | Dec 1996 - Sep 2024 |
| Survei Ekonomi dan Dunia Usaha | Terakhir | Frekuensi | Jarak |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kepercayaan Bisnis: Perubahan y-o-y (% Poin) | 12.8 Nov 2024 | Bulanan | Jan 1996 - Nov 2024 |
lebih banyak indikator untuk Swiss
Request a demo of CEIC
CEIC’s economic databases cover over 200 global markets. Our Platform offers the most reliable macroeconomic data and advanced analytical tools.
Please note, product demos are not available for students. Please click here to find out more about the version of CEIC available for student users.
Pendapatan Nasional
ESA 1995: GDP: by Expenditure: Chain Linked 2000 Price
ESA 1995: GDP: by Industry: Chain Linked 2000 Price
ESA 2010: GDP: by Expenditure: Chain Linked 2010 Price
ESA 2010: GDP: by Expenditure: Chain Linked 2010 Price: Seasonally and Working Day Adjusted
ESA 2010: GDP: by Expenditure: Current Price: Annual
ESA 2010: GDP: by Income
ESA 2010: GDP: by Industry: Current Price
ESA 2010: GDP: by Industry: Current Price: Seasonally and Working Day Adjusted
ESA 2010: GDP Deflator: by Industry: 2010=100: Seasonally and Working Day Adjusted
ESA 2010: GDP: Household Consumption Expenditure
Funds by Sector: ESA 2010: Central Government: Stock
Funds by Sector: ESA 2010: Financial Corporations: Stock
Funds by Sector: ESA 2010: Households & NPISHs: Flow
Funds by Sector: ESA 2010: Insurance Corporations and Pension Funds: Stock
Funds by Sector: ESA 2010: Non Financial Corporations: Stock
Funds by Sector: ESA 2010: Swiss National Bank: Flow
Funds by Sector: ESA 2010: Total Economy: Stock
Gross Domestic Product: by Expenditure: Annual
Gross Domestic Product: Deflator and Volume Index: Annual
Gross Domestic Product: Nominal
Gross Domestic Product: Real
ЕSA 2010: GDP Deflator: by Expenditure: 2010=100
Contribution to GDP
ESA 1995: GDP: by Expenditure: Chain Linked 2000 Price: Seasonally Adjusted
ESA 1995: GDP: by Industry: Chain Linked 2000 Price: Seasonally Adjusted
ESA 2010: GDP: by Expenditure: Chain Linked 2010 Price: Growth Rate
ESA 2010: GDP: by Expenditure: Current Price
ESA 2010: GDP: by Expenditure: Current Price: Seasonally and Working Day Adjusted
ESA 2010: GDP: by Income: Annual
ESA 2010: GDP: by Industry: Current Price: Annual
ESA 2010: GDP Deflator: by Expenditure: 2010=100: Seasonally and Working Day Adjusted
ESA 2010: GDP: Gross Fixed Capital Formation
ESA 2010: GDP per Capita
Funds by Sector: ESA 2010: Commercial Banks: Stock
Funds by Sector: ESA 2010: General Government: Stock
Funds by Sector: ESA 2010: Households & NPISHs: Stock
Funds by Sector: ESA 2010: Non Financial Corporations: Flow
Funds by Sector: ESA 2010: Other Financial Intermediaries: Stock
Funds by Sector: ESA 2010: Swiss National Bank: Stock
Gross Domestic Product: Annual Growth Rate
Gross Domestic Product: by Expenditure: Seasonally Adjusted: Annual
Gross Domestic Product: Deflator and Volume Index: Quarterly
Gross Domestic Product: Purchasing Power Parity
Gross Domestic Product: Share of GDP