China Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual
Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total
CN: Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total data was reported at 58.372 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 57.863 % for 2021. CN: Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total data is updated yearly, averaging 58.117 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 68.588 % in 2008 and a record low of 26.729 % in 1991. CN: Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 58.372 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View China's Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
Business Enterprise Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate
CN: Business Enterprise Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 10.596 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 4.318 % for 2021. CN: Business Enterprise Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 9.287 % from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2022, with 29 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 31.562 % in 2005 and a record low of -33.895 % in 1998. CN: Business Enterprise Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 10.596 2022 | yearly | 1992 - 2022 |
View China's Business Enterprise Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1992 to 2022 in the chart:
Business Enterprise Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent
CN: Business Enterprise Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 1,539,384.300 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,391,897.700 FTE for 2021. CN: Business Enterprise Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 723,830.850 FTE from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,539,384.300 FTE in 2022 and a record low of 126,000.000 FTE in 1991. CN: Business Enterprise Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 1,539,384.300 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View China's Business Enterprise Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total
CN: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data was reported at 1,176,429.000 Person in 2012. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,072,087.000 Person for 2011. CN: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data is updated yearly, averaging 1,072,087.000 Person from Dec 2010 (Median) to 2012, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,176,429.000 Person in 2012 and a record low of 963,587.000 Person in 2010. CN: Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 1,176,429.000 2012 | yearly | 2010 - 2012 |
View China's Business Enterprise Sector: Number of Researchers: Total from 2010 to 2012 in the chart:
Government Researchers: % of National Total
CN: Government Researchers: % of National Total data was reported at 17.077 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 17.214 % for 2021. CN: Government Researchers: % of National Total data is updated yearly, averaging 19.848 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 44.077 % in 1992 and a record low of 15.007 % in 2008. CN: Government Researchers: % of National Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 17.077 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View China's Government Researchers: % of National Total from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
Government Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate
CN: Government Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 8.759 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 3.663 % for 2021. CN: Government Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 3.650 % from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2022, with 30 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 15.919 % in 2000 and a record low of -16.002 % in 1998. CN: Government Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 8.759 2022 | yearly | 1992 - 2022 |
View China's Government Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1992 to 2022 in the chart:
Government Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent
CN: Government Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 450,365.400 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 414,096.400 FTE for 2021. CN: Government Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 214,816.200 FTE from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 450,365.400 FTE in 2022 and a record low of 162,200.000 FTE in 1998. CN: Government Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 450,365.400 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View China's Government Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Total
CN: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data was reported at 339,576.000 Person in 2012. This records an increase from the previous number of 320,814.000 Person for 2011. CN: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data is updated yearly, averaging 320,814.000 Person from Dec 2010 (Median) to 2012, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 339,576.000 Person in 2012 and a record low of 303,114.000 Person in 2010. CN: Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 339,576.000 2012 | yearly | 2010 - 2012 |
View China's Government Sector: Number of Researchers: Total from 2010 to 2012 in the chart:
Government Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent
CN: Government Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 629,897.200 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 580,694.200 FTE for 2021. CN: Government Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 289,901.500 FTE from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 629,897.200 FTE in 2022 and a record low of 227,700.000 FTE in 1998. CN: Government Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 629,897.200 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View China's Government Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
Higher Education Researchers: % of National Total
CN: Higher Education Researchers: % of National Total data was reported at 24.550 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 24.923 % for 2021. CN: Higher Education Researchers: % of National Total data is updated yearly, averaging 21.789 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 33.162 % in 1998 and a record low of 16.405 % in 2008. CN: Higher Education Researchers: % of National Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 24.550 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View China's Higher Education Researchers: % of National Total from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
Higher Education Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate
CN: Higher Education Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 7.994 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 9.523 % for 2021. CN: Higher Education Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 6.062 % from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2022, with 30 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 42.449 % in 2019 and a record low of -16.276 % in 1995. CN: Higher Education Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 7.994 2022 | yearly | 1992 - 2022 |
View China's Higher Education Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1992 to 2022 in the chart:
Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Total
CN: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data was reported at 553,645.000 Person in 2012. This records an increase from the previous number of 512,998.000 Person for 2011. CN: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data is updated yearly, averaging 512,998.000 Person from Dec 2010 (Median) to 2012, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 553,645.000 Person in 2012 and a record low of 480,888.000 Person in 2010. CN: Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 553,645.000 2012 | yearly | 2010 - 2012 |
View China's Higher Education Sector: Number of Researchers: Total from 2010 to 2012 in the chart:
Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent
CN: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 725,881.500 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 671,765.800 FTE for 2021. CN: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 248,203.050 FTE from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 725,881.500 FTE in 2022 and a record low of 128,100.000 FTE in 1992. CN: Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 725,881.500 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View China's Higher Education Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
Number of Researchers: Total
CN: Number of Researchers: Total data was reported at 2,069,650.000 Person in 2012. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,905,899.000 Person for 2011. CN: Number of Researchers: Total data is updated yearly, averaging 1,905,899.000 Person from Dec 2010 (Median) to 2012, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,069,650.000 Person in 2012 and a record low of 1,747,589.000 Person in 2010. CN: Number of Researchers: Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 2,069,650.000 2012 | yearly | 2010 - 2012 |
View China's Number of Researchers: Total from 2010 to 2012 in the chart:
Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total
CN: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total data was reported at 78.090 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 77.569 % for 2020. CN: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total data is updated yearly, averaging 65.747 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2021, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 78.166 % in 2018 and a record low of 30.723 % in 1991. CN: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 78.090 2021 | yearly | 1991 - 2021 |
View China's Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: % of National Total from 1991 to 2021 in the chart:
Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate
CN: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 11.961 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 9.937 % for 2021. CN: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 10.675 % from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2022, with 29 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 26.734 % in 2005 and a record low of -14.226 % in 1998. CN: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 11.961 2022 | yearly | 1992 - 2022 |
View China's Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1992 to 2022 in the chart:
Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent
CN: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 4,997,790.800 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 4,463,870.000 FTE for 2021. CN: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 1,087,292.600 FTE from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4,997,790.800 FTE in 2022 and a record low of 206,000.000 FTE in 1991. CN: Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 4,997,790.800 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View China's Total Business Enterprise R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate
CN: Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 11.148 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 9.205 % for 2021. CN: Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 8.624 % from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2022, with 29 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 18.409 % in 2005 and a record low of -9.143 % in 1998. CN: Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 11.148 2022 | yearly | 1992 - 2022 |
View China's Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1992 to 2022 in the chart:
Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent
CN: Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 6,353,569.500 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 5,716,330.000 FTE for 2021. CN: Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 1,619,313.700 FTE from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6,353,569.500 FTE in 2022 and a record low of 670,500.000 FTE in 1991. CN: Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 6,353,569.500 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View China's Total R&D Personnel: Full-Time Equivalent from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Labour Force
CN: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Labour Force data was reported at 7.326 Per 1000 in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 6.677 Per 1000 for 2020. CN: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Labour Force data is updated yearly, averaging 1.969 Per 1000 from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2021, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7.326 Per 1000 in 2021 and a record low of 1.010 Per 1000 in 1992. CN: Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Labour Force data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 7.326 2021 | yearly | 1991 - 2021 |
View China's Total R&D Personnel: Per Thousand Labour Force from 1991 to 2021 in the chart:
Total Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate
CN: Total Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 9.631 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 5.452 % for 2021. CN: Total Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 6.858 % from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2022, with 29 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 20.777 % in 2005 and a record low of -17.530 % in 1998. CN: Total Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 9.631 2022 | yearly | 1992 - 2022 |
View China's Total Researchers: Compound Annual Growth Rate from 1992 to 2022 in the chart:
Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent
CN: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data was reported at 2,637,193.100 FTE in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 2,405,509.400 FTE for 2021. CN: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 1,181,575.900 FTE from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,637,193.100 FTE in 2022 and a record low of 471,400.000 FTE in 1991. CN: Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 2,637,193.100 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |
View China's Total Researchers: Full-Time Equivalent from 1991 to 2022 in the chart:
Total Researchers: Per Thousand Labour Force
CN: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Labour Force data was reported at 3.083 Per 1000 in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 2.910 Per 1000 for 2020. CN: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Labour Force data is updated yearly, averaging 1.487 Per 1000 from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2021, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.083 Per 1000 in 2021 and a record low of 0.673 Per 1000 in 1998. CN: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Labour Force data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 3.083 2021 | yearly | 1991 - 2021 |
View China's Total Researchers: Per Thousand Labour Force from 1991 to 2021 in the chart:
Total Researchers: Per Thousand Total Employment
CN: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Total Employment data was reported at 4.054 Per 1000 in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 3.595 Per 1000 for 2022. CN: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Total Employment data is updated yearly, averaging 1.591 Per 1000 from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2023, with 33 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.054 Per 1000 in 2023 and a record low of 0.687 Per 1000 in 1998. CN: Total Researchers: Per Thousand Total Employment data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.
The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.
From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.
In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.
Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.
Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
| Last | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|
| 3.595 2022 | yearly | 1991 - 2022 |