European Union Gross Savings Rate

1995 - 2024 | Quarterly | % | CEIC Data

Key information about EU Gross Savings Rate

  • EU Gross Savings Rate was measured at 25.9% in Jun 2024, compared with 25.9% in the previous quarter.
  • EU Gross Savings Rate is updated quarterly, with data available from Mar 1995 to Jun 2024, and an average rate of 25.9%.
  • The data reached an all-time high of 25.9% in Mar 2021 and a record low of 21.3% in Mar 2010.
  • CEIC calculates Gross Domestic Savings Rate from quarterly Gross Domestic Savings and quarterly Nominal GDP. Gross Domestic Savings is calculated as Nominal GDP less Final Consumption Expenditure. Eurostat provides Final Consumption Expenditure in local currency and Nominal GDP in local currency. European Union stands for EU27 excluding UK.
  • In the latest reports, EU GDP expanded 1.0% YoY in Mar 2023.
  • EU Nominal GDP reached 4,430,431.2 USD mn in Mar 2023. Its GDP deflator (implicit price deflator) increased 6.5% in Mar 2023.
  • EU GDP Per Capita reached 38,468.8 USD in Dec 2021.

View European Union's Gross Savings Rate from Mar 1995 to Jun 2024 in the chart:

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European Union Gross Savings Rate
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European Union Gross Savings Rate

What was European Union's Gross Savings Rate in Jun 2024?

EU Gross Savings Rate was measured at 25.9% in Jun 2024, compared with 25.9% in the previous quarter. See the table below for more data.

Last Previous Min Max Unit Frequency Range
25.9 Jun 2024 25.4 Mar 2024 21.3 Mar 2010 27.4 Mar 2021 % quarterly Mar 1995 - Jun 2024

Gross Savings Rate by Country Comparison

country/region Last Frequency Range
Albania (%) 17.3 Sep 2022 quarterly Mar 2008 - Sep 2022
Algeria (%) 36.1 2021 yearly 2000 - 2021
Argentina (%) 11.0 Mar 2023 quarterly Mar 2004 - Mar 2023
Armenia (%) 20.6 Sep 2024 quarterly Dec 1994 - Sep 2024
Australia (%) 29.6 Dec 2022 quarterly Sep 1959 - Dec 2022
Austria (%) 24.0 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1995 - Sep 2024
Azerbaijan (%) 26.8 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 2001 - Jun 2024
Bahrain (%) 38.6 2022 yearly 1989 - 2022
Bangladesh (%) 30.4 2021 yearly 2006 - 2021
Belarus (%) 24.5 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 1992 - Jun 2024
Belgium (%) 23.4 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 1980 - Jun 2024
Bolivia (%) 16.8 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 1990 - Jun 2024
Bosnia and Herzegovina (%) 19.4 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 2008 - Jun 2024
Botswana (%) 26.7 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 1994 - Jun 2024
Brazil (%) 15.4 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1991 - Sep 2024
Brunei (%) 60.0 Sep 2022 quarterly Mar 2004 - Sep 2022
Bulgaria (%) 25.1 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1995 - Sep 2024
Cambodia (%) 34.1 2022 yearly 1993 - 2022
Canada (%) 25.2 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1961 - Sep 2024
Chile (%) 20.7 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1996 - Sep 2024
China (%) 44.3 2023 yearly 1952 - 2023
Colombia (%) 8.6 Dec 2022 quarterly Mar 2005 - Dec 2022
Croatia (%) 31.2 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1995 - Sep 2024
Cyprus (%) 24.9 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1995 - Sep 2024
Czech Republic (%) 34.3 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1995 - Sep 2024
Denmark (%) 35.6 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1990 - Sep 2024
Ecuador (%) 23.5 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 1991 - Jun 2024
Egypt (%) 7.8 2023 yearly 1969 - 2023
Estonia (%) 29.7 Dec 2022 quarterly Mar 1993 - Dec 2022
European Union (%) 25.9 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 1995 - Jun 2024
Finland (%) 21.8 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 1990 - Jun 2024
France (%) 14.2 Dec 2017 quarterly Mar 1949 - Dec 2017
Georgia (%) 20.2 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 1996 - Jun 2024
Germany (%) 29.6 Mar 2023 quarterly Mar 1991 - Mar 2023
Ghana (%) 9.9 2023 yearly 2006 - 2023
Greece (%) 17.5 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1995 - Sep 2024
Hong Kong SAR, China (%) 23.9 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 1999 - Jun 2024
Hungary (%) 32.2 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1995 - Sep 2024
Iceland (%) 23.1 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 1995 - Jun 2024
India (%) 30.2 2023 yearly 1951 - 2023
Indonesia (%) 38.4 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 2010 - Sep 2024
Iran (%) 26.4 Mar 2024 quarterly Jun 1988 - Mar 2024
Ireland (%) 60.6 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1995 - Sep 2024
Israel (%) 25.0 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1995 - Sep 2024
Italy (%) 24.6 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1995 - Sep 2024
Ivory Coast (%) 23.9 2023 yearly 1960 - 2023
Japan (%) 28.8 Mar 2022 quarterly Mar 1980 - Mar 2022
Jordan (%) 2.9 2023 yearly 1963 - 2023
Kazakhstan (%) 44.9 Sep 2022 quarterly Mar 1994 - Sep 2022
Kenya (%) 11.9 2023 yearly 2006 - 2023
South Korea (%) 34.0 Dec 2022 quarterly Mar 1970 - Dec 2022
Kosovo (%) 21.9 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 2010 - Sep 2024
Kuwait (%) 44.9 2022 yearly 1970 - 2022
Kyrgyzstan (%) -4.1 Dec 2022 quarterly Mar 2000 - Dec 2022
Laos (%) 18.4 2016 yearly 2000 - 2016
Latvia (%) 19.6 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 1995 - Jun 2024
Lebanon (%) -25.5 2021 yearly 1990 - 2021
Lithuania (%) 22.7 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 1995 - Jun 2024
Luxembourg (%) 52.5 Sep 2022 quarterly Mar 1995 - Sep 2022
Macau SAR, China (%) 16.6 Dec 2022 quarterly Mar 2001 - Dec 2022
North Macedonia (%) 7.4 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 2000 - Jun 2024
Malawi (%) 11.2 2019 yearly 1977 - 2019
Malaysia (%) 26.9 Dec 2022 quarterly Mar 2010 - Dec 2022
Malta (%) 36.3 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1992 - Sep 2024
Mauritius (%) 25.7 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 1999 - Jun 2024
Mexico (%) 18.7 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 1993 - Jun 2024
Moldova (%) -1.8 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1995 - Sep 2024
Mongolia (%) 35.8 Dec 2022 quarterly Mar 2005 - Dec 2022
Montenegro (%) 6.1 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 2010 - Jun 2024
Morocco (%) 28.6 2023 yearly 1975 - 2023
Mozambique (%) 4.8 2023 yearly 1969 - 2022
Myanmar (%) 28.7 2018 yearly 1996 - 2018
Nepal (%) 35.6 2024 yearly 2001 - 2024
Netherlands (%) 30.0 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 1995 - Jun 2024
New Zealand (%) 20.3 Sep 2022 quarterly Jun 1987 - Sep 2022
Nigeria (%) 34.6 2023 yearly 1981 - 2023
Norway (%) 36.6 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1978 - Sep 2024
Oman (%) 30.7 2023 yearly 1980 - 2023
Pakistan (%) 6.8 2024 yearly 2000 - 2024
Palestinian Territory (%) -2.4 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 2011 - Jun 2024
Panama (%) 41.1 2023 yearly 1960 - 2023
Paraguay (%) 20.9 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 1994 - Jun 2024
Peru (%) 25.0 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1990 - Sep 2024
Philippines (%) 10.8 Dec 2022 quarterly Mar 1981 - Dec 2022
Poland (%) 19.5 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 1995 - Jun 2024
Portugal (%) 21.5 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 1999 - Jun 2024
Qatar (%) 66.3 Dec 2022 quarterly Mar 2013 - Dec 2022
Romania (%) 25.9 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1995 - Sep 2024
Russia (%) 30.1 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 1993 - Jun 2024
Saudi Arabia (%) 33.2 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 2003 - Sep 2024
Serbia (%) 16.2 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1995 - Sep 2024
Singapore (%) 48.6 2023 yearly 1960 - 2023
Slovakia (%) 23.7 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1995 - Sep 2024
Slovenia (%) 28.0 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 1995 - Jun 2024
South Africa (%) 13.7 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1960 - Sep 2024
Spain (%) 23.4 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 1999 - Jun 2024
Sri Lanka (%) 26.1 Sep 2022 quarterly Mar 2010 - Sep 2022
Sudan (%) 13.7 2014 yearly 1960 - 2014
Sweden (%) 26.6 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1980 - Sep 2024
Switzerland (%) 32.0 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1990 - Sep 2024

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European Union Key Series

Government and Public Finance Last Frequency Range
Consolidated Fiscal Balance: % of GDP (%) -3.5 2023 yearly 1995 - 2023
Consolidated Fiscal Balance (USD mn) -649,147.924 2023 yearly 1999 - 2023
Tax Revenue (USD mn) 4,800,027.215 2023 yearly 1999 - 2023
Tax Revenue: % of GDP (%) 25.8 2023 yearly 1995 - 2023
National Government Debt (USD mn) 15,317,621.4 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 2000 - Jun 2024
Government Debt: % of GDP (%) 81.5 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 2000 - Jun 2024
BE: General Government Debt: % of GDP (%) 103.100 2023 yearly 1995 - 2023
General Govt: Expenditure: EA 19 (EUR mn) 7,191,221.400 2023 yearly 1995 - 2023
General Govt: Revenue: EA 19 (EUR mn) 6,670,489.200 2023 yearly 1995 - 2023
General Govt: Balance: EA 19 (EUR mn) -520,732.400 2023 yearly 1995 - 2023
General Govt: Revenue: EA 19: Current Taxes on Income Wealth and Etc (EUR mn) 1,503,285.600 2018 yearly 1995 - 2018
General Govt: Revenue: EA 19: Production and Import Tax (EUR mn) 1,504,935.500 2018 yearly 1995 - 2018
General Govt: Expenditure: EU 28: Current Taxes on Income Wealth (EUR mn) 3,875.300 2018 yearly 2001 - 2018
General Govt: Revenue: EU 28: Production and Import Tax (EUR mn) 2,129,883.400 2018 yearly 2001 - 2018
General Govt: Expenditure: EA 19: Capital Transfer (EUR mn) 123,173.500 2018 yearly 1995 - 2018
General Govt: Expenditure: EU 28: Capital Transfer (EUR mn) 158,376.700 2018 yearly 2001 - 2018
General Govt: Expenditure: EU 27E: Total (EUR mn) 8,427,615.800 2023 yearly 1995 - 2023
General Govt: Expenditure: EU 27E: Capital Transfer (EUR mn) 322,363.500 2023 yearly 1995 - 2023
General Govt: Expenditure: EU 27E: Cur Taxes on Income Wealth & Etc (EUR mn) 4,843.700 2023 yearly 1995 - 2023
General Govt: Revenue: EU 27E: Total (EUR mn) 7,827,392.000 2023 yearly 1995 - 2023
General Govt: Revenue: EU 27E: Production and Import Tax (EUR mn) 2,191,926.700 2023 yearly 1995 - 2023
General Govt: Balance: EU 27 excl UK (EU 27E) (EUR mn) -600,224.000 2023 yearly 1995 - 2023
General Govt: Revenue: EU 27E: Current Taxes on Income Wealth & Etc (EUR mn) 2,246,338.400 2023 yearly 1995 - 2023
General Govt: Revenue: EA 20: Production and Import Tax (EUR mn) 1,801,931.500 2023 yearly 1995 - 2023
General Govt: Expenditure: EA 20: Capital Transfer (EUR mn) 293,675.500 2023 yearly 1995 - 2023
General Govt: Revenue: EA 20 (EUR mn) 6,706,204.600 2023 yearly 1995 - 2023
General Govt: Expenditure: EA 20 (EUR mn) 7,227,604.200 2023 yearly 1995 - 2023
General Govt: Balance: EA 20 (EUR mn) -521,399.800 2023 yearly 1995 - 2023
SSC: Balance: EU 27 excl UK (EU 27E) (EUR mn) 52,284.500 2023 yearly 1995 - 2023
SSC: Balance: EA 20 (EUR mn) 54,083.300 2023 yearly 1995 - 2023
Gross Debt: General Government: EU 27 excl UK (EUR mn) 14,300,832.200 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 2000 - Jun 2024
Gross Debt: General Govt: SFD: Long Term: EU 27 excl UK (EUR mn) 10,796,947.300 2023 yearly 2000 - 2023
Gross Debt: General Govt: SFD: Short Term: EU 27 excl UK (EUR mn) 719,393.800 2023 yearly 2000 - 2023
General Government Debt: % of GDP: EU 27 excl UK (%) 80.800 2023 yearly 2000 - 2023
Foreign Trade Last Frequency Range
Trade Balance (USD mn) 4,242.1 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Total Exports (USD mn) 226,833.2 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Total Exports Growth (%) -2.8 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2003 - Oct 2024
Total Imports (USD mn) 222,591.2 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Total Imports Growth (%) -0.2 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2003 - Oct 2024
Total Exports to USA (USD mn) 47,540.223 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Total Imports from USA (USD mn) 28,181.770 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Total Exports to China (USD mn) 17,748.500 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Total Imports from China (USD mn) 48,471.746 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
AT: Exports Volume Index: swda (2015=100) 93.300 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2000 - Sep 2024
AT: Imports Volume Index: swda (2015=100) 85.800 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2000 - Sep 2024
BE: Trade Balance: swda (EUR mn) 457.000 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 1999 - Oct 2024
Trade Balance: EA 19 (EUR bn) 22.51 Jun 2018 monthly Jan 1999 - Jun 2018
Trade Balance: EU 27E (EUR bn) 3.937 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Exports: EU 27E (EUR bn) 227.026 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Imports: EU 27 excl UK (EU 27E) (EUR bn) 223.089 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Imports: Growth Rate: YoY (%) 3.000 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2003 - Oct 2024
Exports: Growth Rate: YoY (%) 0.900 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2003 - Oct 2024
Exports: EA20: Growth Rate: YoY (%) 2.100 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2003 - Oct 2024
Imports: EA20: Growth Rate: YoY (%) 3.200 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2003 - Oct 2024
Trade Balance: swda: EU 27E (EUR bn) 3.894 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Exports: swda: EU 27E (EUR bn) 208.199 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Imports: swda: EU 27 excl UK (EU 27E) (EUR bn) 204.306 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Exports: swda: EA 20 (EUR bn) 232.534 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Imports: swda: Growth Rate: MoM (%) 0.700 Oct 2024 monthly Feb 2002 - Oct 2024
Exports: swda: Growth Rate: MoM (%) -2.000 Oct 2024 monthly Feb 2002 - Oct 2024
Exports: swda: EA20: Growth Rate: MoM (%) -0.600 Oct 2024 monthly Feb 2002 - Oct 2024
Imports: swda: EA20: Growth Rate: MoM (%) -0.800 Oct 2024 monthly Feb 2002 - Oct 2024
Exports: EA 19: Machinery and Transport Equipment (EUR bn) 75.377 Feb 2019 monthly Jan 1999 - Feb 2019
Exports: EA 19: Other Manufactured Products (EUR bn) 44.525 Feb 2019 monthly Jan 1999 - Feb 2019
Exports: EA 19: Chemicals & Related Products, nes (EUR bn) 34.092 Feb 2019 monthly Jan 1999 - Feb 2019
Exports: EA 19: Crude Materials, Inedible Except Fuels (EUR bn) 4.222 Feb 2019 monthly Jan 1999 - Feb 2019
Exports: EA 19: Food, Drink and Tobacco (EUR bn) 13.662 Feb 2019 monthly Jan 1999 - Feb 2019
Imports: EA 19: Machinery and Transport Equipment (EUR bn) 56.766 Feb 2019 monthly Jan 1999 - Feb 2019
Imports: EA 19: Other Manufactured Products (EUR bn) 43.113 Feb 2019 monthly Jan 1999 - Feb 2019
Imports: EA 19: Chemicals & Related Products, nes (EUR bn) 20.204 Feb 2019 monthly Jan 1999 - Feb 2019
Imports: EA 19: Crude Materials, Inedible Except Fuels (EUR bn) 6.096 Feb 2019 monthly Jan 1999 - Feb 2019
Imports: EA 19: Food, Drink and Tobacco (EUR bn) 10.865 Feb 2019 monthly Jan 1999 - Feb 2019
Imports: EU 28: MP: OP: MG: Iron & Steel (EUR bn) 3.146 Feb 2019 monthly Jan 2000 - Feb 2019
Imports: EU 28: MP: CR: Medicinal & Pharmaceutical (EUR bn) 7.177 Feb 2019 monthly Jan 2000 - Feb 2019
Exports: EU 28: MP: OP: MG: Iron & Steel (EUR bn) 2.838 Feb 2019 monthly Jan 2000 - Feb 2019
Exports: EU 28: MP: CR: Medicinal & Pharmaceutical (EUR bn) 14.257 Feb 2019 monthly Jan 2000 - Feb 2019
Exports: EU 27E: MP: OP: MG: Iron & Steel (EUR bn) 3.371 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 1999 - Oct 2024
Exports: EU 27E: CR: Medicinal & Pharmaceutical (EUR bn) 28.525 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 1999 - Oct 2024
Imports: EU 27E: MP: OP: MG: Iron & Steel (EUR bn) 4.823 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 1999 - Oct 2024
Imports: EU 27E: CR: Medicinal & Pharmaceutical (EUR bn) 10.535 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 1999 - Oct 2024
Exports: EU 27E: MP: Machinery & Transport Equipment (MT) (EUR bn) 87.683 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Exports: EU 27E: MP: Other Manufactured Products (OP) (EUR bn) 50.255 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Exports: EU 27E: MP: Chemicals & Related Products, nes (CR) (EUR bn) 49.009 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Exports: EU 27E: RM: Crude Materials, Inedible except Fuels (CI) (EUR bn) 5.046 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Exports: EU 27E: Food, Drink & Tobacco (FT) (EUR bn) 19.256 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Imports: EU 27E: MP: Machinery & Transport Equipment (MT) (EUR bn) 72.071 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Imports: EU 27E: MP: Other Manufactured Products (OP) (EUR bn) 54.474 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Imports: EU 27E: MP: Chemicals & Related Products, nes (CR) (EUR bn) 31.182 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Imports: EU 27E: RM: Crude Materials, Inedible except Fuels (CI) (EUR bn) 7.728 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Imports: EU 27E: Food, Drink and Tobacco (FT) (FT) (EUR bn) 15.090 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Imports: EA 20: MP: OP: Machinery & Transport Equipment (EUR bn) 84.148 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Exports: EA 20: Food, Drink & Tobacco (FT) (EUR bn) 21.535 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Exports: EA 20: MP: Other Manufactured Products (OP) (EUR bn) 58.283 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Exports: EA 20: MP: OP: Machinery & Transport Equipment (EUR bn) 96.048 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Exports: swda: EA 19: Machinery and Transport Equipment (EUR bn) 80.203 Feb 2019 monthly Jan 1999 - Feb 2019
Exports: swda: EA 19: Other Manufactured Products (EUR bn) 46.325 Feb 2019 monthly Jan 1999 - Feb 2019
Exports: swda: EA 19: Chemicals & Related Products, nes (EUR bn) 35.365 Feb 2019 monthly Jan 1999 - Feb 2019
Exports: swda: EA 19: Crude Materials, Inedible Except Fuels (EUR bn) 4.127 Feb 2019 monthly Jan 1999 - Feb 2019
Exports: swda: EA 19: Food, Drink and Tobacco (EUR bn) 14.629 Feb 2019 monthly Jan 1999 - Feb 2019
Imports: swda: EA 19: Machinery and Transport Equipment (EUR bn) 60.256 Feb 2019 monthly Jan 1999 - Feb 2019
Imports: swda: EA 19: Other Manufactured Products (EUR bn) 44.118 Feb 2019 monthly Jan 1999 - Feb 2019
Imports: swda: EA 19: Chemicals & Related Products, nes (EUR bn) 20.402 Feb 2019 monthly Jan 1999 - Feb 2019
Imports: swda: EA 19: Crude Materials, Inedible Except Fuels (EUR bn) 6.423 Feb 2019 monthly Jan 1999 - Feb 2019
Imports: swda: EA 19: Food, Drink and Tobacco (EUR bn) 11.856 Feb 2019 monthly Jan 1999 - Feb 2019
Exports: swda: EU 27E: MP: Machinery & Transport Equipment (MT) (EUR bn) 80.061 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Exports: swda: EU 27E: MP: Other Manufactured Products (OP) (EUR bn) 45.894 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Exports: swda: EU 27E: MP: Chemicals & Related Products, nes (CR) (EUR bn) 45.829 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Exports: swda: EU 27E: RM: Crude Materials, Inedible ex Fuels (CI) (EUR bn) 4.744 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Exports: swda: EU 27E: Food, Drink & Tobacco (FT) (EUR bn) 17.024 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Imports: swda: EU 27E: MP: Machinery & Transport Equipment (MT) (EUR bn) 65.017 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Imports: swda: EU 27E: MP: Other Manufactured Products (OP) (EUR bn) 48.227 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Imports: swda: EU 27E: MP: Chemicals & Related Products, nes (CR) (EUR bn) 29.674 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Imports: swda: EU 27E: Food, Drink & Tobacco (FT) (EUR bn) 13.787 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Imports: swda: EU 27E: RM: Crude Materials, Inedible ex Fuels (CI) (EUR bn) 7.173 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Imports: swda: EA 20: Food, Drink & Tobacco (FT) (EUR bn) 16.798 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Imports: swda: EA 20: RM: Crude Materials, Inedible Except Fuels (EUR bn) 7.519 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Imports: swda: EA 20: MP: Other Manufactured Products (OP) (EUR bn) 53.308 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Exports: swda: EA 20: Food, Drink & Tobacco (FT) (EUR bn) 18.942 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Exports: swda: EA 20: RM: Crude Materials, Inedible Except Fuels (EUR bn) 4.912 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Exports: swda: EA 20: MP: Other Manufactured Products (OP) (EUR bn) 52.304 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Exports: swda: EA 20: MP: OP: Machinery & Transport Equipment (EUR bn) 89.528 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Exports: swda: EU 27E: China: Total (EUR bn) 16.291 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Imports: swda: EU 27E: China: Total (EUR bn) 44.490 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Exports: EU 27E: China: Total (EUR bn) 17.233 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Imports: EU 27 excl UK (EU 27E): China: Total (EUR bn) 50.327 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Exports: swda: EU 27E: Russia: Total (EUR bn) 2.377 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Imports: swda: EU 27E: Russia: Total (EUR bn) 3.021 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Exports: EU 27E: Russia: Total (EUR bn) 2.835 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Imports: EU 27 excl UK (EU 27E): Russia: Total (EUR bn) 3.135 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Exports: swda: EU 27E: Switzerland: Total (EUR bn) 15.671 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Imports: swda: EU 27E: Switzerland: Total (EUR bn) 13.546 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Exports: EU 27E: Switzerland: Total (EUR bn) 17.077 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Imports: EU 27 excl UK (EU 27E): Switzerland: Total (EUR bn) 14.887 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Exports: swda: EU 27E: Turkey: Total (EUR bn) 9.166 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Imports: swda: EU 27E: Turkey: Total (EUR bn) 8.287 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Exports: EU 27E: Turkey: Total (EUR bn) 9.878 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Imports: EU 27 excl UK (EU 27E): Turkey: Total (EUR bn) 9.312 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Exports: swda: EU 27E: United States: Total (EUR bn) 43.635 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Imports: swda: EU 27E: United States: Total (EUR bn) 25.867 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Exports: EU 27E: United States: Total (EUR bn) 47.867 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Imports: EU 27 excl UK (EU 27E): United States: Total (EUR bn) 27.611 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Exports Volume Index: EU27E (2015=100) 92.400 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Sep 2024
Imports Volume Index: EU27E (2015=100) 107.600 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Sep 2024
Exports Unit Value Index: EU27E (2015=100) 147.800 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Sep 2024
Imports Unit Value Index: EU27E (2015=100) 140.100 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Sep 2024
Exports Volume Index: swda: EU27E (2015=100) 92.500 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Sep 2024
Imports Volume Index: swda: EU27E (2015=100) 107.400 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Sep 2024
EVI: EU 27E: Raw Materials (2015=100) 96.600 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Sep 2024
EVI: EU 27E: Machinery and Transport Equipment (2015=100) 81.900 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Sep 2024
EVI: EU 27E: Chemicals & Related Products, nes (2015=100) 127.200 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Sep 2024
EVI: EU 27E: Mineral Fuels, Lubricants (2015=100) 119.600 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Sep 2024
EVI: EU 27E: Food and Live Animals (2015=100) 111.200 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Sep 2024
IVI: EU 27E: Manufactured Products (2015=100) 111.500 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Sep 2024
IVI: EU 27E: Raw Materials (2015=100) 105.700 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Sep 2024
IVI: EU 27E: Machinery and Transport Equipment (2015=100) 110.800 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Sep 2024
IVI: EU 27E: Petroleum Products (2015=100) 175.700 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Sep 2024
IVI: EU 27E: Crude Materials, Inedible (2015=100) 105.100 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Sep 2024
EVI: swda: EU 27E: Raw Materials (2015=100) 98.900 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Sep 2024
EVI: swda: EU 27E: Machinery and Transport Equipment (2015=100) 81.900 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Sep 2024
EVI: swda: EU 27E: Chemicals & Related Products, nes (2015=100) 129.800 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Sep 2024
EVI: swda: EU 27E: Mineral Fuels, Lubricants (2015=100) 122.500 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Sep 2024
EVI: swda: EU 27E: Crude Materials, Inedible (2015=100) 95.700 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Sep 2024
IVI: swda: EU 27E: Raw Materials (2015=100) 110.300 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Sep 2024
IVI: swda: EU 27E: Petroleum Products (2015=100) 179.800 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Sep 2024
IVI: swda: EU 27E: Mineral Fuels, Lubricants (2015=100) 144.900 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Sep 2024
IVI: swda: EU 27E: Crude Materials, Inedible (2015=100) 110.700 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Sep 2024
IVI: swda: EU 27E: Beverages and Tobacco (2015=100) 105.700 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Sep 2024
Balance of Payments Last Frequency Range
Direct Investment Abroad (USD mn) 23,162.5 Sep 2024 monthly Apr 1999 - Sep 2024
Current Account Balance (USD mn) 185,094.0 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1999 - Sep 2024
Current Account Balance: % of GDP (%) 2.8 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 1999 - Jun 2024
Foreign Direct Investment (USD mn) 12,529.2 Sep 2024 monthly Apr 1999 - Sep 2024
Foreign Direct Investment: % of GDP (%) 0.9 Mar 2023 quarterly Mar 1999 - Mar 2023
Foreign Portfolio Investment (USD mn) 159,707.803 Sep 2024 quarterly Mar 1999 - Sep 2024
Foreign Portfolio Investment: % of GDP (%) 6.9 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 1999 - Jun 2024
Foreign Portfolio Investment: Equity Securities (USD mn) 137,403.7 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 1999 - Jun 2024
Foreign Portfolio Investment: Debt Securities (USD mn) 143,972.389 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 1999 - Jun 2024
External Debt (USD mn) 17,775,668.8 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 2008 - Jun 2024
External Debt: % of GDP (%) 111.2 2023 yearly 2008 - 2023
Total Debt: % of GDP (%) 719.1 2022 yearly 2001 - 2022
Net International Investment Position (USD mn) 1,082,164.528 Jun 2024 quarterly Mar 1999 - Jun 2024
BOP: EU27E: Current and Capital Account (EUR bn) 95.277 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: Current Account: Services (EUR bn) 4.385 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: Capital Account (EUR bn) -9.274 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: Current Account: Primary Income (EUR bn) 28.383 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: Current Account: Goods (EUR bn) 91.994 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: Financial Account: Direct Investment (DI) (EUR bn) 167.086 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 2008 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: FA: Portfolio Investment (PI) (EUR bn) 123.204 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 2008 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: Credit: Current Account (EUR bn) 1,050.863 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: Credit: Current and Capital Account (EUR bn) 1,058.971 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: Credit: Current Account: Goods (EUR bn) 569.427 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: Credit: Current Account: Primary Income (EUR bn) 190.739 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: Credit: Current Account: Secondary Income (EUR bn) 24.371 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: Credit: Capital Account (EUR bn) 8.108 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: Credit: Current Account: Services (EUR bn) 266.326 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: Credit: Financial Account: Direct Investment (EUR bn) -62.153 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 2008 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: Credit: FA: Portfolio Investment (EUR bn) 158.279 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 2008 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: Debit: Current Account (EUR bn) 946.312 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: Debit: Current and Capital Account (EUR bn) 963.694 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: Debit: Current Account: Goods (EUR bn) 477.433 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: Debit: Current Account: Primary Income (EUR bn) 162.355 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: Debit: Current Account: Secondary Income (EUR bn) 44.582 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: Debit: Capital Account (EUR bn) 17.383 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: Debit: Current Account: Services (EUR bn) 261.941 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: Debit: Financial Account: Direct Investment (EUR bn) -229.238 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 2008 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: Debit: FA: Portfolio Investment (EUR bn) 35.075 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 2008 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: Debit: FA: PI: Debt Securities (EUR bn) -60.849 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 2008 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: swda: Current Account (EUR bn) 90.896 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: swda: Current Account: Services (EUR bn) 12.124 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: swda: Credit: Current Account (EUR bn) 1,029.929 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: swda: Credit: Current Account: Goods (EUR bn) 556.488 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: swda: Credit: Current Account: Primary Income (EUR bn) 187.329 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: swda: Credit: Current Account: Secondary Income (EUR bn) 24.902 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: swda: Credit: Current Account: Services (EUR bn) 261.210 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: swda: Debit: Current Account (EUR bn) 939.032 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: swda: Debit: Current Account: Goods (EUR bn) 473.043 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: swda: Debit: Current Account: Primary Income (EUR bn) 176.550 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: swda: Debit: Current Account: Secondary Income (EUR bn) 40.353 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: swda: Debit: Current Account: Services (EUR bn) 249.086 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: Debit: FA: PI: Equity & Investment Fund (EUR bn) 95.930 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 2008 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: swda: Current Account: Goods (EUR bn) 83.445 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: swda: Current Account: Primary Income (EUR bn) 10.779 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EU27E: swda: Current Account: Secondary Income (EUR bn) -15.452 Dec 2019 quarterly Mar 1999 - Dec 2019
BOP: EA 20: CA: Credit (EUR bn) 497.363 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2013 - Sep 2024
BoP: EA 20: CA: Services: Debit (EUR bn) 105.133 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2013 - Sep 2024
BOP: EA 20: CA: Primary Income (PA) (EUR bn) 9.056 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2013 - Sep 2024
BOP: EA 20: CA: Secondary Income: Debit (EUR bn) 27.043 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2013 - Sep 2024
BOP: EA 20: Net Errors & Omissions (EUR bn) 23.449 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2013 - Sep 2024
BOP: EA 20: swda: CA: Credit (EUR bn) 490.693 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2013 - Sep 2024
BoP: EA 20: swda: CA: Services: Debit (EUR bn) 107.213 Sep 2024 monthly Jan 2013 - Sep 2024
FDI: Flow: Outward: EU 27E: America: United States (EUR mn) -237,655.800 2023 yearly 2013 - 2023
FDI: Flow: Outward: EU 27E: United Kingdom (EUR mn) -9,514.000 2023 yearly 2013 - 2023
FDI: Flow: Outward: EU 27E: Netherlands (EUR mn) -8,561.300 2023 yearly 2013 - 2023
FDI: Flow: Outward: EU 27E: Luxembourg (EUR mn) 49,089.200 2023 yearly 2013 - 2023
FDI: Flow: Outward: EU 27E: Belgium (EUR mn) 21,407.000 2023 yearly 2013 - 2023
FDI: Flow: Outward: EU 27E: EU 27E (EUR mn) 102,878.100 2023 yearly 2013 - 2023
FDI: Flow: Inward: EU 27E: America: United States (EUR mn) -307,359.700 2023 yearly 2013 - 2023
FDI: Flow: Inward: EU 27E: Luxembourg (EUR mn) -11,829.400 2023 yearly 2013 - 2023
FDI: Flow: Inward: EU 27E: Germany (EUR mn) 45,992.900 2023 yearly 2013 - 2023
FDI: Flow: Inward: EU 27E: France (EUR mn) 26,186.500 2023 yearly 2013 - 2023
FDI: Flow: Inward: EU 27E: Belgium (EUR mn) 7,669.300 2023 yearly 2013 - 2023
FDI: Flow: Inward: EU 27E: EU 27E (EUR mn) 68,791.700 2023 yearly 2013 - 2023
FDI: Flow: Outward: EU 27E: Financial and Insurance Activities (EUR mn) -186,799.400 2022 yearly 2013 - 2022
FDI: Flow: Outward: EU 27E: Information and Communication (EUR mn) -23,948.600 2022 yearly 2013 - 2022
FDI: Flow: Outward: EU 27E: Wholesale and Retail Trade (EUR mn) 23,503.100 2022 yearly 2013 - 2022
FDI: Flow: Outward: EU 27E: Manufacturing (EUR mn) 81,221.700 2022 yearly 2013 - 2022
FDI: Flow: Outward: EU 27E: Mining and Quarrying (EUR mn) -11,317.300 2022 yearly 2013 - 2022
FDI: Flow: Inward: EU 27E: Administrative and Support Service Activ (EUR mn) -8,593.100 2021 yearly 2016 - 2021
FDI: Flow: Inward: EU 27E: Professional, Scientific and Tech Activ (EUR mn) 14,509.900 2021 yearly 2016 - 2021
FDI: Flow: Inward: EU 27E: Financial and Insurance Activities (EUR mn) -288,861.600 2022 yearly 2013 - 2022
FDI: Flow: Inward: EU 27E: Information and Communication (EUR mn) 20,067.700 2022 yearly 2013 - 2022
FDI: Flow: Inward: EU 27E: Wholesale and Retail Trade (EUR mn) -108,786.800 2022 yearly 2013 - 2022
Monetary Last Frequency Range
Non Performing Loans Ratio (%) 3.7 2017 yearly 2008 - 2017
Household Debt: % of GDP (%) 44.4 Sep 2024 quarterly Sep 1997 - Sep 2024
Money Supply M1 (USD mn) 11,332,966.326 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 1999 - Oct 2024
Money Supply M2 (USD mn) 16,744,023.196 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 1999 - Oct 2024
M2 Growth (%) 2.6 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 1981 - Oct 2024
Reserve Requirement Ratio (%) 1.0 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 1999 - Oct 2024
Foreign Exchange Reserves (USD mn) 299,167.8 Nov 2024 monthly Dec 1999 - Nov 2024
Foreign Exchange Reserves: % of GDP (%) 1.897 Jun 2024 quarterly Dec 1999 - Jun 2024
Foreign Exchange Reserves: Months of Import (NA) 1.2 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 2002 - Oct 2024
Total Deposits (USD mn) 16,775,729.751 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 1999 - Oct 2024
Total Deposits Growth (%) 3.6 Oct 2024 monthly Sep 1998 - Oct 2024
Domestic Credit (USD mn) 26,115,235.4 Aug 2024 monthly Jan 1999 - Aug 2024
Domestic Credit Growth (%) -1.4 Aug 2024 monthly Sep 1998 - Aug 2024
Household Debt (USD mn) 7,238,421.1 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 1999 - Oct 2024
Total Loans (USD mn) 20,145,595.171 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 1999 - Oct 2024
Total Loans Growth (%) 2.22 Oct 2024 monthly Sep 1998 - Oct 2024
Private Debt: % of Nominal GDP (%) 78.62 Sep 2024 quarterly Sep 1997 - Sep 2024
Money Supply M3: Outstanding (EUR bn) 16,549.247 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 1970 - Oct 2024
Money Supply M2: Outstanding (EUR bn) 15,388.231 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 1980 - Oct 2024
Money Supply M3: swda: Outstanding (EUR bn) 16,577.412 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 1980 - Oct 2024
Money Supply M2: swda: Outstanding (EUR bn) 15,425.171 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 1980 - Oct 2024
Money Supply M1: swda: Outstanding (EUR bn) 10,440.319 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 1980 - Oct 2024
Money Supply M1: Outstanding (EUR bn) 10,402.028 Oct 2024 monthly Jan 1970 - Oct 2024
Eurosystem: ORA: Foreign Currency Reserves (FCR) (EUR bn) 283.850 Nov 2024 monthly Nov 1999 - Nov 2024
Eurosystem: Official Reserve Assets (ORA) (EUR bn) 1,391.727 Nov 2024 monthly Nov 1999 - Nov 2024
MFIs Loans: Outstanding: Non Financial Sector (EUR bn) 5,143.328 Oct 2024 monthly Sep 1997 - Oct 2024
MFIs Loans: Outstanding: Households: HP: Over 5 Years (EUR bn) 4,296.809 Jan 2019 monthly Sep 1997 - Jan 2019
MFIs Loans: Outstanding: Households: Consumer Credit (CS) (EUR bn) 686.042 Jan 2019 monthly Sep 1997 - Jan 2019
Business and Economic Survey Last Frequency Range
Business Confidence Growth (% Point) -1.6 Nov 2024 monthly Jan 1986 - Nov 2024
BE: Industrial Confidence Indicator (ICI): sa: NACE 2 (% Point) -17.500 Nov 2024 monthly Jan 1985 - Nov 2024
Construction Confidence Indicator (CCI): sa: EU 27 excl UK (EU 27E) (% Point) -15.900 Apr 2020 monthly Jan 1985 - Apr 2020
Economic Sentiment Index: sa: EU 27 excl UK (NA) 65.800 Apr 2020 monthly Jan 1985 - Apr 2020
Industrial Confidence Indicator (ICI): sa: EA 19 (% Point) 5.80 Jul 2018 monthly Jan 1985 - Jul 2018
Industrial Confidence Indicator (ICI): sa: EU 27 excl UK (EU 27E) (% Point) -30.600 Apr 2020 monthly Jan 1985 - Apr 2020
Service Confidence Indicator (SCI): sa: Euro Area 19 (% Point) 15.30 Jul 2018 monthly Jan 1996 - Jul 2018
Service Confidence Indicator (SCI): sa: EU 27 excl UK (EU 27E) (% Point) -35.400 Apr 2020 monthly Oct 1996 - Apr 2020
Eurocoin Leading Indicator (Number) 0.180 Oct 2024 monthly Dec 2019 - Oct 2024

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